Support Systems Flashcards
What is hydrostatic skeleton?
body supported by fluid filled structure such as coelom and blood in vessels
Disadv of hydrostatic skeleton?(3)
- Confine to water areas
- Limit movement
- limit growth
What is exoskeleton?
Hard waxy layer on outside of body made of calcium carbonate and chitin
Adv of exoskeleton(4)?
- Protect internal organs
- provide muscle attachment
- waxy cuticle prevent water loss
- protect from environment
Disadv of exoskeleton?(3)
- Moult to grow make vulnerable
- Internal breathing surface required
- Movement limited to joints
What is endoskeleton?
Bone and cartilage structure within body made of calcium salts
Adv of Endoskeleton?(4)
- Protect internal organs
- Provide muscle attachment
- grows with animal
- support and shape body
Disadv of Endoskeleton(1)?
- vulnerable to desiccation, heat and cold
Cranial bones(5) and Functions (3)
Frontal
occipital
Parietal
temporal
sphenoid
Functions:
Protect sense organs
protect brain
allow for head muscle attachment
Facial bones(4) and functions(4)
Nasal bones
Zygomatic arch
Maxilla
mandible
Functions:
Protect sense organs
allow for face muscle attachment
Gives shape to face
opening for food and air
What is foramen Magnum?
Opening at base of skull that allows spinal cord to pass through and connect to brain. middle-bipedal
back-quadrupedal
What is articular condyle?
Articulating surface on either side of articular condyle to articulate with C1
What is Fontanelle?
Membrane filled spaces in brain of baby: head to compress and growth of brain in infancy
What are ear bones called?
6- ossicles
How many teeth in adult?
32
Centrum function?
Absorb shock and support body
Neural arch function?
Allow for Vertebral foramen to form
Neural spine function?
Attachment of back muscles
Transverse process function?
Articulate with ribs and muscles
What is spinal canal?
Hole through which spinal cord passes and protects
Articular surface function?
Surface for articulation of tubercle and head of rib and superior articulating surface for vertebra above
How to Identify 3 Cervical vertabrea+ how many?
7
C1: Atlas- Large spinal canal and no neural spine or centrum
C2: Axis- odontoid process and forked neural spine
Neck vertebrae- forked neural spine and short transverse processes
How many Thoracic vertabrea and how to identify?
12
Large centrum, Neural spine and transverse section
How many lumbar vertebrae and how to identify?
5
Large centrum and small neural spine
How many sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?
sacral 5 fused triangle
coccygeal- 4 fused
What are intervertebral discs and function?
joins vertebrae by interlocking processes and ligaments
allow movement, extend spine and absorb shock
Functions of vertebral column (5)?
1.back Muscle attachment
2. movement of head
3. Absorb shock+ sturdy
4. attach ribs
5.protect spinal cord
Parts of sternum?
Manubrium
body
xiphoid process
How do ribs join to sternum?
Coastal Hyaline cartilage
3 types of ribs in ribcage and how many?
7 true ribs
3 false ribs joined to cartilage of rib 7
2 floating ribs that don’t attach to sternum
Functions of ribcage?(4)
- protect organs in thoracic cavity
- attachment of muscles
- breathing
- support upper limbs
Bones of pectoral girdle +functions(2)?
acromion process
coracoid process
clavicle
scapula
Bones of upper limbs(7)?
Glenoid Cavity
humorous
Radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Bones of pelvic girdle+ Functions(3)
Ilium
ishium
pubis
pubis symphysis
Functions:
Protect internal organs+ child birth
Attachment of muscles
support for lower limbs
Bones of lower limb(9)?
acetabulum
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
calcaneum
metatarsals
phalanges
Functions of skeleton(5)?
1.Movement: muscle attachment
2. Protection: internal organs
3. Produce blood in bone marrow
4.support: keep body upright
5. Stores minerals in bones: calcium phosphate/ carbonates
Define Joint?
occurs where two or more bones meet
What is immovable joint and location?
fibro cartilage and found in Sutures of cranium and teeth in sockets
What is slightly movable joint and location?
fibro/ hyaline cartilage and found in intervertebral discs and wad in pubis symphysis
What is synovial joint and location?
Free movable with joint capsule and synovial fluid
found where most bones meet
Diagram of synovial joint(6)
joint capsule: Keeps joint together
Synovial membrane: Secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid: lubricates and prevents friction
ligament: attach bone to bone
Hyaline cartilage: prevent friction and longitudinal growth
bone
4 Types of synovial joint and explain?
Ball and socket: free movable in all directions: femur and humerus
Pivot: allow bone to rotate: skull on C1
Hinge: bend On one plane (elbow and knee)
Gliding: Bones glide over one another (carpals and tarsals)
Explain osteoporosis?
calcium deficiency and bone porous and break easily
Explain rickets?
vitamin D calcium deficiency in children. bones soft and deformed
Explain osteoarthritis?
Cartilage wear away with age and bones run and nerve pinch= pain
Explain Rheumatoid arthritis?
inflamed synovial membrane= too much synovial fluid: bone swell deformed= pain
Dislocations vs sprain?
dislocate is bone moved out of normal position
sprain is ligament stretched beyond limit
