Support Systems

Question 1

What is hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 1

body supported by fluid filled structure such as coelom and blood in vessels

Question 1

Disadv of hydrostatic skeleton?(3)

Answer 1

1. Confine to water areas
2. Limit movement
3. limit growth

Question 2

What is exoskeleton?

Answer 2

Hard waxy layer on outside of body made of calcium carbonate and chitin

Question 3

Adv of exoskeleton(4)?

Answer 3

1. Protect internal organs
2. provide muscle attachment
3. waxy cuticle prevent water loss
4. protect from environment

Question 4

Disadv of exoskeleton?(3)

Answer 4

1. Moult to grow make vulnerable
2. Internal breathing surface required
3. Movement limited to joints

Question 5

What is endoskeleton?

Answer 5

Bone and cartilage structure within body made of calcium salts

Question 6

Adv of Endoskeleton?(4)

Answer 6

1. Protect internal organs
2. Provide muscle attachment
3. grows with animal
4. support and shape body

Question 7

Disadv of Endoskeleton(1)?

Answer 7

1. vulnerable to desiccation, heat and cold

Question 8

Cranial bones(5) and Functions (3)

Answer 8

Frontal
occipital
Parietal
temporal
sphenoid

Functions:
Protect sense organs
protect brain
allow for head muscle attachment

Question 9

Facial bones(4) and functions(4)

Answer 9

Nasal bones
Zygomatic arch
Maxilla
mandible

Functions:
Protect sense organs
allow for face muscle attachment
Gives shape to face
opening for food and air

Question 10

What is foramen Magnum?

Answer 10

Opening at base of skull that allows spinal cord to pass through and connect to brain. middle-bipedal
back-quadrupedal

Question 11

What is articular condyle?

Answer 11

Articulating surface on either side of articular condyle to articulate with C1

Question 12

What is Fontanelle?

Answer 12

Membrane filled spaces in brain of baby: head to compress and growth of brain in infancy

Question 13

What are ear bones called?

Answer 13

6- ossicles

Question 14

How many teeth in adult?

Answer 14

32

Question 15

Centrum function?

Answer 15

Absorb shock and support body

Question 16

Neural arch function?

Answer 16

Allow for Vertebral foramen to form

Question 17

Neural spine function?

Answer 17

Attachment of back muscles

Question 18

Transverse process function?

Answer 18

Articulate with ribs and muscles

Question 19

What is spinal canal?

Answer 19

Hole through which spinal cord passes and protects

Question 20

Articular surface function?

Answer 20

Surface for articulation of tubercle and head of rib and superior articulating surface for vertebra above

Question 21

How to Identify 3 Cervical vertabrea+ how many?

Answer 21

7
C1: Atlas- Large spinal canal and no neural spine or centrum
C2: Axis- odontoid process and forked neural spine
Neck vertebrae- forked neural spine and short transverse processes

Question 22

How many Thoracic vertabrea and how to identify?

Answer 22

12
Large centrum, Neural spine and transverse section

Question 23

How many lumbar vertebrae and how to identify?

Answer 23

5
Large centrum and small neural spine

Question 24

How many sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?

Answer 24

sacral 5 fused triangle coccygeal- 4 fused

Question 25

What are intervertebral discs and function?

Answer 25

joins vertebrae by interlocking processes and ligaments allow movement, extend spine and absorb shock

Question 26

Functions of vertebral column (5)?

Answer 26

1.back Muscle attachment 2. movement of head 3. Absorb shock+ sturdy 4. attach ribs 5.protect spinal cord

Question 27

Parts of sternum?

Answer 27

Manubrium body xiphoid process

Question 28

How do ribs join to sternum?

Answer 28

Coastal Hyaline cartilage

Question 29

3 types of ribs in ribcage and how many?

Answer 29

7 true ribs 3 false ribs joined to cartilage of rib 7 2 floating ribs that don't attach to sternum

Question 30

Functions of ribcage?(4)

Answer 30

1. protect organs in thoracic cavity 2. attachment of muscles 3. breathing 4. support upper limbs

Question 31

Bones of pectoral girdle +functions(2)?

Answer 31

acromion process coracoid process clavicle scapula

Question 32

Bones of upper limbs(7)?

Answer 32

Glenoid Cavity humorous Radius ulna carpals metacarpals phalanges

Question 33

Bones of pelvic girdle+ Functions(3)

Answer 33

Ilium ishium pubis pubis symphysis Functions: Protect internal organs+ child birth Attachment of muscles support for lower limbs

Question 34

Bones of lower limb(9)?

Answer 34

acetabulum femur patella tibia fibula tarsals calcaneum metatarsals phalanges

Question 35

Functions of skeleton(5)?

Answer 35

1.Movement: muscle attachment 2. Protection: internal organs 3. Produce blood in bone marrow 4.support: keep body upright 5. Stores minerals in bones: calcium phosphate/ carbonates

Question 36

Define Joint?

Answer 36

occurs where two or more bones meet

Question 37

What is immovable joint and location?

Answer 37

fibro cartilage and found in Sutures of cranium and teeth in sockets

Question 38

What is slightly movable joint and location?

Answer 38

fibro/ hyaline cartilage and found in intervertebral discs and wad in pubis symphysis

Question 39

What is synovial joint and location?

Answer 39

Free movable with joint capsule and synovial fluid found where most bones meet

Question 40

Diagram of synovial joint(6)

Answer 40

joint capsule: Keeps joint together Synovial membrane: Secretes synovial fluid synovial fluid: lubricates and prevents friction ligament: attach bone to bone Hyaline cartilage: prevent friction and longitudinal growth bone

Question 41

4 Types of synovial joint and explain?

Answer 41

Ball and socket: free movable in all directions: femur and humerus Pivot: allow bone to rotate: skull on C1 Hinge: bend On one plane (elbow and knee) Gliding: Bones glide over one another (carpals and tarsals)

Question 42

Explain osteoporosis?

Answer 42

calcium deficiency and bone porous and break easily

Question 43

Explain rickets?

Answer 43

vitamin D calcium deficiency in children. bones soft and deformed

Question 44

Explain osteoarthritis?

Answer 44

Cartilage wear away with age and bones run and nerve pinch= pain

Question 45

Explain Rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 45

inflamed synovial membrane= too much synovial fluid: bone swell deformed= pain

Question 46

Dislocations vs sprain?

Answer 46

dislocate is bone moved out of normal position sprain is ligament stretched beyond limit