Animal Tissues Flashcards
Squamous Epithelium Structure, Location and Function?
Structure: flat, large, thin (mosaic)
Large nucleus and tessellated
Found: Surface of skin, alveoli of lungs, lines mouth, esophagus, vagina and blood vessels
Function: Protect underlying tissue, allow gaseous exchange and prevent friction in blood vessels
Squamous Epithelium Diagram(4)?
Cell membrane
nucleus
basement membrane
cytoplasm
Cuboidal Epithelium Structure, Location and Function?
Structure: Cuboidal shape
Found: Glands and kidney tubules
Function: secret hormones and absorptive function
Cuboidal Epithelium Diagram(3)?
cell membrane
nucleus
basement membrane
Columnar Epithelium Structure, Location and Function?
Structure: column shaped with nucleus at base
Found: lines intestines
Function: Sensory function, aid digestion(microvilli in small intestine) and support other cells
Columnar Epithelium Diagram(5)?
Nucleus
cell membrane
goblet cell
mucous
microvilli
Ciliated Epithelium Structure, Location and Function?
Structure: Columnar with cilia on free edges
Found: Respiratory passages and fallopian tubes
Function: Cilia remove dust from mucous in goblet
cilia move ovum down fallopian tube to uterus
Ciliated Epithelium Diagram(7)?
Cilia
nucleus
basement membrane
cell membrane
connective tissue
mucous
goblet cell
Stratified Epithelium Structure, Location and Function?
Structure: Cuboidal at bottom, dead stratified at top
Found: skin (contain melanin)
Function: protect underlying tissue
What is Goblet cell?
Cup shaped cell that secretes protective mucous in digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts.
What is matrix?
non living ground substance with cells and fibers imbedded
Areolar connective tissue Structure, Location and Function?
Structure:
jelly like matrix
white inelastic fibers (parallel)
yellow elastic fibers branched
Cells: fibroblast: Star shape- secrete fibers
mast cells: secrete matrix
macrophage: White blood cell that kills bacteria
Adipose sites: store fat: adipose connective tissue
Location: binds skin to underlying muscle
binds muscle, blood vessel layers, organs and nerve fibres.
Functions: packing material in organs
prevents heat loss and energy storage
Dense connective tissue vs Areolar connective tissue difference?
Dense has More fibers imbedded in matrix
White Fibrous known as?
Tendons
Yellow elastic known as?
Ligaments
White fibrous Structure and Functions?
Structure: white inelastic collagen fibers parallel
bend but cannot stretch
Function: Connects bone to muscle (relays muscle contraction and relax to bone for movement
Yellow Elastic structure and functions?
Structure: irregular yellow elastic fibers branched
stretch slightly (expand arteries)
Function: Connects bone to bone: joint movements
what is cartilage matrix made by?
Chondrocytes
General Characteristic of cartilage?(4)
- temporary cartilage is ossified into bone in embryo
- cells produce rubbery protein matrix called chondrin
- perichondrium surrounds and protects chondrocytes
- takes long to repair as has no blood vessels or nerves
Define ossification?
bone tissue replacing cartilage by the deposition of calcium salts
Hyaline cartilage structure, function, location and diagram(3)?
structure: no fibers= strong and flexible
Chondrocytes in lacunae
semi transparent
found: trachea, larynx, between bones, tip of nose, between ribs and sternum
Function: keeps trachea open, longitudinal growth of bones, reduce friction, movement.
diagram: chondrocyte in lacunae, chondrin, nucleus
white fibro cartilage structure, function, location and diagram(4)?
structure: collagen fibers parallel
Strongest cartilage
found: intervertebral discs, between pubis, articulating cavities
Function: absorb shock, sturdiness, deepens sockets for less dislocation
diagram: chondrocyte in lacunae, chondrin, nucleus, white collagen fibers
elastic cartilage structure, function, location and diagram(4)?
structure: yellow elastic fibers branched
found: epiglottis and ear lobe
Function: gives shape and flex to organs
strength and supports tissue
diagram: chondrocyte in lacunae, chondrin, nucleus, yellow elastic fibers
Why is bone flexible?
mostly collagen fibers= flexible
Microscopic structure of bone(6)?
Periosteum: surround and protect
Lamella: bony tissue layers
lacunae: Spaces containing osteocytes and osteoblasts
Canaliculi: connects lamella
Haversian canal: contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels
matrix: contains collagen fibers and calcium carbonate/ phosphate and mineral salts
3 types of bone cells?
osteocytes: produce matrix and collagen fibers
osteoblasts: osteocytes surrounded by lacunae
osteoclasts: Bone cells that break down and reabsorb matrix where not needed
Macroscopic structure of bone(7)?
Epiphysis: spongy bone with red bone marrow produce RBC
diaphysis: long shaft
marrow cavity: yellow bone marrow produce white blood cells
endosteum: protect marrow cavity
Compact bone: hard outer layer
periosteum: surround and protect bone
Epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage for longitudinal growth of bone
Functions of bone(4)?
Protect internal organs
provide bony skeleton for body shape
produce bone marrow which makes blood
muscle attach to contract and relax for movement
Blood Plasma structure?
Yellow
Inorganic: water, Salts, Gasses
Organic: Protein, Glucose, Fats, Other waste products
Blood plasma functions(5)?
- Transport all blood components
- Transport other substances such as medicine to kidneys
-Contain fibrinogen to clot blood - Contain globulin to recognize foreign particles
- Maintain constant body temp through circulation
Erythrocytes Structure and characteristics?
No nucleus
flat biconcave for max surface for absorption
Contain hemoglobin which is iron carrying and oxy hemoglobin bright while carb amino hemoglobin dark
Characteristics: Yellow separate, Red in clumps, Made in red bone marrow and broken down in liver and spleen
Erythrocytes Functions (2)?
transport O2 from lungs to cells
Transport CO2 from cells to lungs
Leucocytes Structure?
Large irregular nucleus
short life span
colorless
Irregular shape
Produced in Lymph glands, spleen and yellow bone marrow
2 Types of Leucocytes?
granular: neutrophils(3), Eosinophils (2 with long string), Basophils(2 with short String) and histamines
agranular: lycocyte(small, monocyte(large)
Functions of Luecocytes?(3)
- Protect from bacteria and viruses (phagocytic)
- Anti bodies for infections
- Accumulate in injury to stop spread of bacteria
Thrombocytes Structure?
small discs with no nuclei
Broken up bigger cells
Thrombocyte function?
Accumulates at open wounds and secretes sticky substance attracting more platelets. temporary clot
Fibrin Fibers gather and more platelets and blood cells trapped: effective clot
What is muscle?
organs that by contraction bring about body movement
what is muscle contractibility and how does contraction work?
Ability of muscle to get shorter and thicker. Motor end plate transfers nervous impulse to muscle fiber. Actin and myosin get closer together, sarcomere smaller, myofibril smaller, fiber smaller and muscle contract.
What does the strength of muscle contraction depend on?
The amount of fibers that are stimulated
Difference between Voluntary and involuntary muscle? and types
Voluntary controlled by CNS and by will and involuntary by autonomic and not by will
Macro structure of striated muscle? (5)
Tendon
Fiber
Fasciculus: bundle of fiber
Perimysium
endomysium
Micro structure of striated muscle? 6-4-3
Fiber: Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibril, nucleus, Striations, motor end plate
myofibril: Sarcomere, z line, myosin, actin
Actin ,myosin, z line
Smooth muscle structure and diagram(3)
No striations and Tapered
Nucleus, sarcoplasm, sarcolemma
Smooth muscle Function and location?
Slow rhythmic contractions for movement.
Found in respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems
blood vessels
Cardiac Muscle Structure and diagram (6)?
syncytium: continuous mass of protoplasm
Diagram: Muscle fiber, striations, nucleus, muscle bridge, interrelated discs, space between fibers (areolar connective tissue and blood vessel)
Cardiac Muscle Function and Location?
Function: automatism (contract at own rhythm without nerve stimuli)
Location: walls of heart
What does Pacemaker mean?
nerves that supply heart with impulse to contract according to bodies needs
What is antagonistic muscle?
When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes which brings about movement.
What does nervous tissue do?
allow nervous impulse to move throughout body
Structure of nervous tissue? (3 types)
Unipolar- one fiber attached to cell body which divides
Bipolar- 2 fibers attached to body
Multipolar- many fibers attached to cell body
Neuron Structure (12)
Cell membrane
cell body
Nucleus
Dendrite: conduct impulse to body
Nissl granules: Ribosomes for protein synthesis
Schwann cells: surround and nourish axon
Myelin sheath: Fused Schwann cells(fatty) that allow impulse to travel faster and stop jumping to next axon
node of Ranvier: gaps
allow impulse between nodes and allow substances to diffuse to axon
neurilemma: outer sheath that protects axon
axon: conduct nerve impulse from cell body to terminal branches
nucleus
Synaptic knobs: Allow impulse to move to next neuron
CNS vs PNS?
CNS- concentrated inter nueron mass (brain and spinal cord)
PNS peripheral… neurons that connect cns to receptor and effector
How are nerves formed?
Neurons imbedded in endoneurium
surrounded by perineurium( blood vessels)
small nerves bundled by Epineurium
What is reflex arc?
Pathway of nervous impulse allowing for reflex action (functional)
How does Reflex arc work?
- Receptor- generates impulse
- Sensory neuron: unipolar and conducts nervous impulse from receptor to cns
- connector neuron: multipolar and transfers nervous impulse from sensory to motor neuron
- Motor Neuron: transfer impulse from cns to Effector
- Effector: brings about change
What is nerve impulse?
wave of depolarization along nerve fiber due to stimulation
How does nerve impulse work?
Resting is difference of (Na and K membrane) outside + and inside-= polarized
Acting: Stimulation of physical or chemical change result in depolarized reversal of charges. all or nothing response if strength of depolarization reach threshold potential then burst of electrical energy along nerve fiber.
Polarized by proteins straight after
What is synapse?
communication between neurons or neuron and effector
How does synapse work?
Nerve impulse burst vesicles with acetylcholine(neurotransmitter) in presynaptic membrane. through synaptic cleft and onto post synaptic membrane by molecules. Relays electrical impulse onto cell body. acetylcholine destroyed by enzymes to prevent merge of impulses.
Importance of synapse? (3)
- Dispersal of impulse to different neurons.
- Allow impulse in only one direction
- Block out unnecessary stimuli as not fast enough
