Support systems

Question 1

How many bones are there in the adult human body

Answer 1

There are 206 bones in the human body

Question 2

What is the axial skeleton

Answer 2

The axial skeleton is the bones at the central axis of the body including the skull, spinal column, ribcage and the sacral area of the pelvic girdle

Question 3

What is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

The appendicular skeleton is the bones in the arms and legs and lateral component of pelvic girdle

Question 4

Label the bones of the human body

Answer 4

Check using notes should include: Skull, humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges, patella, fibula, tarsals, tibia, metatarsals, phalanges, femur, metacarphals, carpals, sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle

Question 5

What are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 5

To support body, for movement, for protection, for blood cell production, for fat storage and for calcium storage

Question 6

What is the organic component of bone

Answer 6

The organic component of bone is formed of collagen fibres which knit bone together preventing fragmentation

Question 7

What is the inorganic component of bone

Answer 7

The inorganic component of bone is made of calcium phosphate rectangular crystals making bones hard and rigid

Question 8

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 8

Osteogenesis imperfecta is brittle bone disease a genetic disorder affecting collagen production in 1 in every 2800 births resulting in frequent fractures

Question 9

What is rickets/osteomalacia

Answer 9

Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency which leads to softening bones as it is essential for calcium and phosphate absorption.

Question 10

What are long bones

Answer 10

Long bones are longer than they are wide and they act as levers.

Question 11

Draw a diagram of a long bone

Answer 11

Should inlude epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity

Question 12

What are diaphysis

Answer 12

Diaphysis are the shaft made of incredibly strong and compact bone

Question 13

What are epiphysis

Answer 13

Epiphysis are the soft and spongey bulbeous ends of long bones

Question 14

What are flat bones

Answer 14

Flattened structures made of outer compact bones and inner spongey bones that protect vulnerable areas by absorbing physical impact

Question 15

What is haematopoesis

Answer 15

Haematopoesis is where the stems cells in the red bone morrow found in flat bones and the epiphysis of long bones divide into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Question 16

How are bones built

Answer 16

Bines are built by osteoblasts and broken down by osteoclasts

Question 17

How is bone density maintained

Answer 17

The thyroid gland produces calcitonin when blood calcium levels rise which directs excess calcium to the bones. When blood calcium levels are low the parathyroid glands secrete PTH which stimulates the release of calcium from bones and teeth

Question 18

Why is calcium intake important during pregnancy

Answer 18

The foetus takes calcium from the blood so PTH is produces which damages the mothers bones and teeth. Tooth demineralisation can result in gingivitis (receding gums) allowing bacteria from the mouth making it into the blood and the lining of the heart. This is endocarditis which created an immune response which can scar heart valves and cause a heart murmur

Question 19

What is cardiac muscle

Answer 19

Cardiac muscle is found in the myocardium of the heart and is made of branching fibres which allow intrinsic rhythm.

Question 20

What is smooth muscle

Answer 20

Smooth muscle lines hollow organs like the uterus and is made of sheets of diamond shaped cells. Under control of the autonomic nervous system/ hormones to contract

Question 21

What is skeletal muscle

Answer 21

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and facilitates conscious movement, controlled by motor neurones

Question 22

Explain the structure of the skin

Answer 22

The outer epidermis layer, the thick inner dermis layer which includes blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles and sweat glands and underneath the hypodermis fatty layer responsible for thermal insulation

Question 23

How is the epidermis made up

Answer 23

The epidermis is made up of five layers of cells made of kertain. New cells are constantly dividing at the bottom and being pushed up leading to the top layer being dead. There are also melanocytes at the bottom which produce melanin pigment

Question 24

How is the dermis made up

Answer 24

The dermis contains blood vessels involved in homeostasis through vasodilation/constriction. Also contains hair follicles which contract and trap an insulating layer of air. It also contains swear glands which allow heat loss through evaporation.

Question 25

How does the skin changes doing pregnancy

Answer 25

MSH is produced which stimulates melanocytes to release melanin causing it to darken which can cause melasma which is pronounced darkening on the face known as the mask of pregnancy.
Due to increased blood volume blood vessels darken and become more prominent which can cause vascular spiders on the surface of the skin.
Stretch marks are caused by collagen fibres being snapped.
sebaceous glands become more active making skin and hair oily