Support systems Flashcards
How many bones are there in the adult human body
There are 206 bones in the human body
What is the axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the bones at the central axis of the body including the skull, spinal column, ribcage and the sacral area of the pelvic girdle
What is the appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the bones in the arms and legs and lateral component of pelvic girdle
Label the bones of the human body
Check using notes should include: Skull, humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges, patella, fibula, tarsals, tibia, metatarsals, phalanges, femur, metacarphals, carpals, sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle
What are the functions of the skeleton
To support body, for movement, for protection, for blood cell production, for fat storage and for calcium storage
What is the organic component of bone
The organic component of bone is formed of collagen fibres which knit bone together preventing fragmentation
What is the inorganic component of bone
The inorganic component of bone is made of calcium phosphate rectangular crystals making bones hard and rigid
What is osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta is brittle bone disease a genetic disorder affecting collagen production in 1 in every 2800 births resulting in frequent fractures
What is rickets/osteomalacia
Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency which leads to softening bones as it is essential for calcium and phosphate absorption.
What are long bones
Long bones are longer than they are wide and they act as levers.
Draw a diagram of a long bone
Should inlude epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity
What are diaphysis
Diaphysis are the shaft made of incredibly strong and compact bone
What are epiphysis
Epiphysis are the soft and spongey bulbeous ends of long bones
What are flat bones
Flattened structures made of outer compact bones and inner spongey bones that protect vulnerable areas by absorbing physical impact
What is haematopoesis
Haematopoesis is where the stems cells in the red bone morrow found in flat bones and the epiphysis of long bones divide into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
How are bones built
Bines are built by osteoblasts and broken down by osteoclasts
How is bone density maintained
The thyroid gland produces calcitonin when blood calcium levels rise which directs excess calcium to the bones. When blood calcium levels are low the parathyroid glands secrete PTH which stimulates the release of calcium from bones and teeth
Why is calcium intake important during pregnancy
The foetus takes calcium from the blood so PTH is produces which damages the mothers bones and teeth. Tooth demineralisation can result in gingivitis (receding gums) allowing bacteria from the mouth making it into the blood and the lining of the heart. This is endocarditis which created an immune response which can scar heart valves and cause a heart murmur
What is cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is found in the myocardium of the heart and is made of branching fibres which allow intrinsic rhythm.
What is smooth muscle
Smooth muscle lines hollow organs like the uterus and is made of sheets of diamond shaped cells. Under control of the autonomic nervous system/ hormones to contract
What is skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and facilitates conscious movement, controlled by motor neurones
Explain the structure of the skin
The outer epidermis layer, the thick inner dermis layer which includes blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles and sweat glands and underneath the hypodermis fatty layer responsible for thermal insulation
How is the epidermis made up
The epidermis is made up of five layers of cells made of kertain. New cells are constantly dividing at the bottom and being pushed up leading to the top layer being dead. There are also melanocytes at the bottom which produce melanin pigment
How is the dermis made up
The dermis contains blood vessels involved in homeostasis through vasodilation/constriction. Also contains hair follicles which contract and trap an insulating layer of air. It also contains swear glands which allow heat loss through evaporation.
How does the skin changes doing pregnancy
MSH is produced which stimulates melanocytes to release melanin causing it to darken which can cause melasma which is pronounced darkening on the face known as the mask of pregnancy.
Due to increased blood volume blood vessels darken and become more prominent which can cause vascular spiders on the surface of the skin.
Stretch marks are caused by collagen fibres being snapped.
sebaceous glands become more active making skin and hair oily
