Superpowers

Question 1

Superpower

Answer 1

A nation with the ability to project its influence anywhere in the world and be a dominant global force

Question 2

Hyperpower

Answer 2

An unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power (economic, political, resources, military and cultural)
The USA from 1910 - 2010
The UK from 1850 - 1910

Question 3

Blue water navy

Answer 3

One which can deploy into the open ocean i.e. with large ongoing ships. Many smaller nations only have a green water navy designed to patrol littoral waters i.e. those close to the country’s coastline

Question 4

Diplomacy

Answer 4

The negotiation and decision making that takes place between nations as part of international relations, leading to international agreements and treaties

Question 5

Ideology

Answer 5

A set of beliefs, values and opinions held by the majority of people in a society. These determine what is considered normal or acceptable behaviour. Superpowers project their ideology on others. In the case of the USA this includes ‘western values’ of free speech, individual liberty, free-market economics and consumerism

Question 6

Geo-strategic policies

Answer 6

Policies which attempt to meet the global and regional policy aims of a country by combining diplomacy with the movement and positioning of military assets

Question 7

Cold war

Answer 7

A period of tension between ideologically opposing superpowers the capitalist USA and the communist USSR that lasted from 1945 to 1990
It was also the period where nuclear weapons and the system to deliver them were perfected which added to the tension

Question 8

Colonial

Answer 8

Colonial control is the direct control exerted over territories conquered by mainly European powers from 1600 to 1900
Ruled by force with almost no power or influence being given to the original population

Question 9

Acculturation

Answer 9

A process of cultural exchange that takes place when two different cultures meet and interact; it includes the transfer of a dominant culture’s ideas onto a subordinate culture

Question 10

Sphere of influence

Answer 10

The geographical area over which a powerful country can assert its authority

Question 11

Dependency

Answer 11

In the context of economic development, it means that the progress of a developing country is influenced by economic, cultural and political forces that are controlled by developed countries

Question 12

Free trade

Answer 12

The exchange of goods and services free of import/export taxes and tariffs or quotas on trade volume
Taxes, tariffs and quotas are forms of protectionism designed to make imports more expensive than locally produced goods, thus protecting local producers

Question 13

Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs)

Answer 13

Regional or global organisations whose members are nation states
They uphold treaties and international law, as well as allowing co-operation on issues such as trade, economic policy, human rights, conservation and military operations

Question 14

Brand value/Brand equity

Answer 14

The value of a brand measured using metrics such as market share, customer opinion of the brand and brand loyalty

Question 15

Sanctions

Answer 15

These can be diplomatic, such as ordering staff home from an embassy, or economic, such as banning trade between countries. Military sanctions can ban the trade of weapons and military co-operation while sporting sanctions can be used to prevent a country from taking part in global sporting events. The aim is to force a country back into negotiations without using military force

Question 16

Nutrition transition

Answer 16

A change in diet from stape carbohydrates towards protein, dairy and fat 
Often eating more processed foods
Occurs as people transition from rural poverty to being urban middle-class workers

Question 17

Staple foods

Answer 17

Carbs relied on in large quantities and eaten regularly
Potatoes, wheat in bread in Europe and NA
Maize in Latin America
Rice in Asia
Affordable prices important to regional food security

Question 18

Rare earth minerals

Rare earth elements (REE)

Answer 18

A group of metal elements crucial to modern communication, medical and laser tech
Found dispersed in rocks, hard to mine, costly and supplies are limited

Question 19

Middle class

Answer 19

Globally, the middle class are defined as those with discretionary income 
They can spend this on consumer goods, maybe holidays 
The global middle class can be defined as people with an annual income of over US$10,000

Question 20

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

Answer 20

The area of ocean extending 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline (or to the edge of a continental shelf) over which a nation controls the sea and sub-sea resources
EEZ borders ae decided by the UN in the event of a dispute

Question 21

Sphere of influence

Answer 21

A physical region over which a country believes it has economic, military, cultural or political rights
Extend beyond the borders of a country and represent a region where the country believes it has the right to influence the policies of other countries

Question 22

Arab spring

Answer 22

A series of pro-democracy, pro-human rights civil uprisings in 2011 affecting Syria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Bahrain and Iran.
Some governments were overthrown but in most cases, protracted instability followed the uprisings

Question 23

Islamic state

Answer 23

A jihadist terrorist organisation that rose to prominence in 2013 after the Syrian civil war, occupying parts of the middle east and carrying out terrorist attacks worldwide

Question 24

Economic restructuring

Answer 24

The shift from primary and secondary industry towards tertiary and quaternary industry as a result of deindustrialisation
Large social and economic costs