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History > Superpower Relations 1941-1991 > Flashcards

Superpower Relations 1941-1991 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a cold war?

A

a war between countries where no fighting takes place but there is a threat of war and tension between the two sides at all times

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2
Q

who was the cold war between?

A

the USA and Soviet Union (USSR - Russia and the other countries it controlled)

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3
Q

when did the cold war start?

A

in 1945, after WW2

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4
Q

how long did the cold war last?

A

it lasted over 40 years where the tension between the two sides was great

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5
Q

what is meant by “west” and “east”

A
  • the western superpowers were those such as america, britain and countries in western europe?
  • the eastern countries were russia and the countries in eastern europe it controlled
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6
Q

what did both sides want?

A
  • to influence the world with their ideology and their way of running a country, both sides believed their way was best
  • the west followed one way of running a country called capitalism
  • the east followed their way of running a country called communism
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7
Q

what methods were used by both sides to compete with each other?

A
  • spying on each other
  • propaganda against each other in newspapers, papers, and later tv/movies
  • the arms race to see who could build the biggest and best nuclear weapons
  • the space race to see which side was more successful in space exploration
  • financial help to other countries to try and get them on their side
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8
Q

what politics did a country run by capitalism use?

A

a democracy, several political parties where people would vote for who should be in power

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9
Q

what politics did a country run by communism use?

A

dictatorship, only one political party - the communist party. there was no choice and no democracy

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10
Q

what was an economy run by capitalism like?

A
  • industry owned by individuals, private ownership
  • business owners able to make profit and keep any money made
  • some people are wealthier than others
  • trade with other countries around the world
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11
Q

what was an economy run by communism like?

A
  • all industry and business owned by the government
  • no private ownership allowed. money was shared equally for fairness
  • trade with communist countries only
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12
Q

what did capitalism have in terms of freedom of speech and censorship?

A
  • little censorship of the media

- freedom of speech was allowed

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13
Q

what did communism have in terms of freedom of speech and censorship?

A
  • high levels of government censorship and control

- little freedom of speech or ability to criticise the government

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14
Q

why did russia, britain and america work with each other during ww2 if they had these different set of ideas?

A

they were all aiming to defeat Hitler’s germany in the second world war, despite having different views. it was more important to stop hitler’s germany

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15
Q

did britain and america actually like russia during the war?

A
  • britain and the usa argued against stalin’s ways of making russia powerful. millions of russians were killed or mistreated in order to them to gain their wealth
  • at the end of the war, Churchill (britain) and Roosevelt (USA) didn’t like Stalin’s communist plans for what europe should look like during peacetime
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16
Q

who were the new superpowers?

A

britain and france had suffered greatly in both wars. this left the usa and russia as the two main world superpowers. both believed that their way of running a country was the best

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17
Q

what was the name used to describe the three main countries?

A

the grand alliance or the big three

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18
Q

where did the grand alliance meet during the war in three different places?

A

tehran (iran) in 1943
yalta (part of the soviet union) in 1945
potsdam (germany) in 1945

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19
Q

who were the leaders of the three main countries at the time of the tehran conference in 1943?

A

Stalin (Russia)
Roosevelt (USA)
Churchill (Britain)

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20
Q

what was agreed at the tehran conference in terms of land consequence?

A
  • russia would keep land in eastern europe including poland if they won the war to take the land away from germany and therefore make germany as weak as possible
  • what was agreed was very good for russia as it would gain lots of land in the east
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21
Q

what was agreed at the tehran conference in terms of international relations?

A

an international organisation should be created to settle arguments between countries using discussion rather than war

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22
Q

what was created to settle arguments using discussion instead of war in 1943?

A

an international organisation

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23
Q

what was agreed at the tehran conference in terms of military consequences?

A

usa and britain would launch a second attack on germany so the german army would have to reduce its troops in the east against russia to fight in the west. this would give russia a chance to take more land away from germany

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24
Q

why was what happened at the tehran conference important?

A
  • russia seemed to be getting everything, britain feared it would lose its power and influence after the struggles of the war
  • improved relationships for britain and usa with russia by giving russia what they wanted.
  • it would eventually lead to the creation of the organisation known as the united nations
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25
Q

why was the fact that the tehran conference held in russia important?

A

it showed an improving, trusting relationship between the usa and britain with russia

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26
Q

who were the leaders of the three countries at the time of the yalta conference (feb 1945)?

A

stalin, roosevelt and churchill

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27
Q

why did the great alliance meet again in 1945 in yalta (in the soviet union)?

A

to discuss what would happen to germany after their defeat

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28
Q

was meeting in yalta important?

A

it was important for the status of russia

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29
Q

in feb 1945, where did russia have control of and why?

A

they had control over eastern europe because they had defeated germany, stalin wanted to keep this land after the war

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30
Q

what was the political consequence due to the yalta conference in 1945?

A

churchill isolated:

churchill felt isolated after stalin and roosevelt got on well and made most of the agreements without him

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31
Q

what was the territorial and political consequence of the yalta conference?

A

germany divided:

germany would be divided into 4 zones which would be controlled by britain, france, usa and russia

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32
Q

at the yalta conference, what else was divided other than germany?

A

berlin was also divided into 4 zones because it was the capital of germany

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33
Q

what was an economic consequence of the yalta conference in 1945?

A

reparation payments:

germany should pay $20 million in reparations, half would go to the soviet union

34
Q

what was a political consequence of the yalta conference in 1945?

A

soviet influence:

east europe was looked after by russia in their ‘soviet sphere of influence’

35
Q

what was a social and political consequences of the yalta conference in 1945?

A

free democratic elections:

any country that had been taken over by hitler’s germany was to vote for who they wanted in power

36
Q

what was an international relationship consequence of the yalta conference in 1945?

A

united nations:

they agreed to join a united nations which was an organisation created to maintain peace

37
Q

why was the yalta conference important?

A
  • it showed lack of agreement on how much germany should pay reparations. it showed problems between the east and west
  • showed stalin was hoping to gain more land in eastern europe such as poland, than the usa and britain actually wanted
  • stalin couldn’t have everything he wanted as he had to agree to give poland elections. rather than just be given to russia, poland could vote for who they wanted in charge
38
Q

who were the leaders of the three countries at the time of the potsdam conference in july 1945?

A

stalin (russia)
truman (usa)
churchill (britain)

39
Q

what was a territorial consequence of the potsdam conference in july 1945?

A

the soviet troops had defeated germany and not taken away their troops from eastern europe

40
Q

what was a political consequence of the potsdam conference in 1945?

A
  • stalin set up a communist government in poland which he previously promised not to do.
41
Q

what happened half-way through the potsdam conference?

A

churchill was defeated in the next general election in england and replaced with Clement Attlee. this was a major change for the grand alliance

42
Q

who was winston churchill replaced by in july 1945?

A

clement attlee

43
Q

what was a military consequence of the potsdam conference in 1945?

A

stalin refused to ‘demilitarise’ his soviet army at a time when countries in the west reduced their army

44
Q

what was an international relationship consequence of the potsdam conference?

A
  • stalin got on with roosevelt but after he died and was replaced by truman, he did not trust stalin and wanted to stand up to him more
  • the united nations had now been created and 5 nations took control who had the greatest amount of power: usa, britain, france, soviet union and china
45
Q

in july 1945 during the potsdam conference, which 5 nations took control of the united nations?

A

usa, britain, france, soviet union and china. there were 51 other countries part of the united nations

46
Q

what was a technological consequence of the potsdam conference in 1945?

A

the americans had tested another atomic bomb in the usa. stalin was furious that he had not been told and that he wasn’t involved in the testing - he felt left out and isolated

47
Q

what were the leaders attlee and truman like and what was their relationship with stalin like?

A

they were not experienced and struggled to get on with stalin

48
Q

what did stalin want to do to germany? what was truman’s response?

A

stalin wanted to weaken germany and break it down but truman argued that this is what caused the NAZI party to rise in the first place

49
Q

what did stalin NOT want in the countries freed from the NAZIs?

A

democratic elections

50
Q

what policy did truman begin against stalin?

A

a ‘get tough’ policy

51
Q

what did truman see as a threat from russia?

A

russia’s ‘red army’ - he saw it as a threat to peace

52
Q

why was truman unable to challenge russia too much?

A

because it might cause yet another conflict

53
Q

what did the potsdam conference show in terms of capitalism and communism?

A

it highlighted the differences between the leaders in their beliefs about how to run a country. the differences between capitalism and communism were very clear for the world to see

54
Q

when were the grand alliance united? what happened after they were united?

A

they were united when they were trying to defeat nazi germany, after this, their different beliefs started to show

55
Q

what were truman and attlee’s attitude towards stalin?t

A

they were less patient and began to challenge russia’s demand for land in eastern europe

56
Q

what did stalin want more of? what did truman think of it?

A

stalin wanted more communist control over eastern europe, however truman believed that stalin was just aggressively trying to spread communism

57
Q

what was one of the main consequences of the yalta conference 1945?

A

key individuals, for example churchill felt isolated despite the fact he was one of ‘the big three’

58
Q

when was the date of the atomic bombs being dropped?

A

6 august 1945

59
Q

who dropped the atomic bomb(s)? where were they dropped?

A

president truman dropped two atomic bombs in japan

60
Q

how many people were killed when the atomic bombs were dropped in 1945? what did this make japan do?

A

over 120,000 japanese civilians, this made japan surrender and ended the second world war

61
Q

how did the dropping of the atomic bomb make the relationship between the usa and russia worse in terms of power?

A

the usa thought it made them look stronger but russia felt as though the usa were now a greater danger to the world and to russia

62
Q

how did the dropping of the atomic bomb make the relationship between the usa and russia worse in terms of land?

A

stalin responded by taking over more land in eastern europe between germany and russia and using it as a ‘buffer zone’ to protect them

63
Q

how did the dropping of the atomic bomb make the relationship between the usa and russia worse in terms of technology?

A

the russians wanted to show the usa that they could build their own nuclear weapons. a successful test was carried out in august 1929

64
Q

how did the dropping of the atomic bomb make the relationship between the usa and russia worse in terms of the arms race?

A

there was now competition between countries to develop more nuclear bombs. this led to the ‘arms race’ between the usa and soviet union

65
Q

what telegrams were sent between the usa and russia in 1946?

A

the Long and Novikov telegrams

66
Q

what were the telegrams and why were they sent?

A

truman and stalin were worried that a breakup of the grand alliance would lead to conflict between the countries. both leaders wanted to know what each other were thinking. telegrams were used by politicians living in the other country

67
Q

who sent the ‘Long telegram’?

A

george kennan

68
Q

who was george kennan and what did he do?

A

he worked as a diplomat for america in russia. he sent a detailed telegram about russia’s attitude towards america - it was so detailed and long that it was called the ‘long telegram’

69
Q

what two things did kennan show he believed in his telegram?

A
  • that stalin wanted to see the destruction of capitalism and that stalin believed other capitalist countries were a threat to russia and communism
  • he believed that russia would back down if faced with a strong response from the usa
70
Q

who wanted to carry out a policy called ‘containment’ and why?

A

truman, this meant that america wanted to stop the spread of communism and contain it in the soviet union only

71
Q

who was the novikov telegram wrote by and what did it show?

A

it was wrote by a russian diplomat who worked in america. it showed that americans also didn’t trust the russians. it told them that america wanted to use their military to ‘dominate’ the world and were not frightened of war

72
Q

what did the novikov telegram lead russians to believe?

A

that they needed to occupy as much land in eastern europe as possible to protect themselves against attack if it came

73
Q

what was the speech winston churchill gave and when was it?

A

the ‘iron curtain’ speech in 1946

74
Q

was churchill prime minister at the time of his iron curtain speech?

A

no but he still had great respect and influence

75
Q

what did churchill state in his speech in 1946?

A

that an iron curtain had descended across europe and behind the curtain were states controlled by moscow (russia)

76
Q

where was the iron curtain speech held?

A

in america

77
Q

what were the consequences of the iron curtain speech?

A
  • it cause even more tension between usa and russia. churchill made it clear he thought russia was a threat to world peace and freedom
  • russian backed communist governments had been set up on hungary and poland, churchill saw this as a huge threat to the rest of europe
  • led to both sides strengthening their forces against each other
78
Q

what did churchill making his speech in the usa show?

A

that the usa believed the same as what he was saying

79
Q

what is a satellite state?

A

a country whose government has been taken over and controlled by another country/government

80
Q

at the end of the second world war, russia and its ____ army did what?

A

russia and its red army were able to ‘free’ countries in eastern europe from nazi control.

History (3 decks)

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