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King Richard and King John Flashcards

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1
Q

What years was Richard I king between?

A

1189-1199

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2
Q

What years was King John king between?

A

1199-1216

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3
Q

What was a crusade?

A

A holy war against the Islamic armies in the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

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4
Q

What was a medieval king expected to do?

A

Be a strong leader, enforce justice and protect his country from attack

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5
Q

What was the principle of primogeniture and was this followed in the 12th century?

A

The idea that the eldest son inherits the title of King from his father when he dies
No, people became King for other reasons in the 12th century

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6
Q

What was itinerant kingship?

A

Where the King and his court would travel from place to place across the country

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7
Q

How did itinerant kingship help with encouraging loyalty from subjects?

A

It would ensure to everyone that he was king of the country

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8
Q

What does hierarchy mean?

A

A way of organising society by authority levels, most important people would be at the top

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9
Q

What were the four main ranks in the system?

A

The king, barons, knights and peasants

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10
Q

What was a peasants’ role in the system?

A

To work on the land owned by their lord

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11
Q

What were the three types of peasants in the feudal system?

A

Freemen paid the rent for land but could move
Villeins were property of their Lord and couldn’t move
Cottars were peasants who held a cottage with a small piece of land

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12
Q

What were two features of Labour service?

A

Had to work for their overlords by collecting harvest for farming the land
They didn’t owe military service as it was the duty of their Lord to protect them

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13
Q

Why did both Richard and John tax people heavily?

A

They were both at war for long periods of time

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14
Q

What was the tallage tax?

A

It was paid by people who were residents of the Royal Demesne
It was only paid by peasants and townsmen

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15
Q

What were the main things the Medieval Kings could call on their subjects to make certain payments for?

A

Payment to ransom the King from captivity
Payment to provide a dowry for the kings eldest daughter
Wardship fines

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16
Q

What were two features of wardship fines?

A

They were paid when the baron died and his heir was udnerage
The king would decide where the ward would live, and what education and training they would receive

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17
Q

What were forest fines?

A

King could claim them for people living, working, hunting and foraging on land that belonged to him

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18
Q

What was the name of the Empire that Richard and John controlled?

A

The Angevin Empire

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19
Q

Why was Richard out of the country for the majority of his rein?

A

Crusade wars

Defending land in Normandy

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20
Q

What happened to Richard on his way home from the Crusade?

A

He was kidnapped by the Duke of Austria

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21
Q

What was a Crusade?

A

A religious war against the Islamic armies in the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

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22
Q

Who did King John face threats from over his family land?

A

The King of France

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23
Q

Why did King John fall out with the Pope?

A

They didn’t agree on the candidate for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury

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24
Q

Why did the Barons rebel against King John?

A

He treated them badly and raised their taxes a lot

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25
Q

When did King John sign the Magna Carta?

A

1215

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26
Q

What was the name of the system that organised society into sections?

A

The feudal system

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27
Q

Who was at the top of the system and had to provide peace, protection and land for the people beneath them?

A

The King

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28
Q

Who was second and third in the system?

A

Barons and Knights

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29
Q

Who is at the bottom of the system?

A

Peasants

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30
Q

What happened at the moment a new King was anointed with Holy oils?

A

He took the title of rex and was given divine authority

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31
Q

What were two features of the King’s duties?

A

Chief decision maker

Showing fairness and mercy in his decisions

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32
Q

What were two features of how a King’s authority was ritualised and displayed?

A

The anointing with Holy oils

Being crowned in front of the most important nobles and members of the clergy

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33
Q

What was itinerant kingship?

A

The practice of the King and his court travelling from place to place around the country

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34
Q

Who was King Richard I?

A

Richard was King of England from 1189-99, he is most well known for going on the Third Crusade

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35
Q

Who was King John?

A

John was King of England from 1199-1216, he is most well known for signing the Magna Carta in 1215

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36
Q

Who was King Henry II?

A

The father of King Richard and King John, he died in 1189

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37
Q

Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?

A

The mother of Richard and John, she was a powerful lady who owned a lot of land in France

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38
Q

Who was King Philip II of France?

A

The King of France between 1180-1223, he started going on the Crusade with King Richard and battled with King John over land in France

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39
Q

Who was William Marshal?

A

A very important Baron, he supports Richard in becoming King

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40
Q

Who was Pope Gregory VIII?

A

He was responsible for calling the Third Crusade in 1187

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41
Q

Who was Stephen Langton?

A

He was elected as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205 by Pope Innocent III against John’s wishes

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42
Q

Who was Pope Innocent III?

A

He was responsible for putting England in an Interdict and the excommunication of King John

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43
Q

What does hierarchy mean?

A

The way of organising society by authority levels, most important person at the top

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44
Q

What were four main ranks in the Feudal System?

A

King, Barons, Knights, Peasants

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45
Q

What was the King’s role in the system?

A

He granted land and tax concessions

Provided peace, law and protection in return for loyalty and service

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46
Q

What were the Barons role in the system?

A

They granted land and privileges to Knights

Assisting and advising the government

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47
Q

What was a Peasants role in the system?

A

They worked on the land that was owned by their Lord

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48
Q

What was the Royal Demesne?

A

The land that was owned and kept by the King

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49
Q

What were two features of Knight service?

A

To serve in the Kings army for at least two months, but had to provide their own resources
To guard a Lord’s castle and be in training for 40 days

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50
Q

What were two features of labour service?

A

They had to work for their overlords by collecting harvest for the farming land
They didn’t owe military service because it was the duty of their Lord to protect them

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51
Q

How did forfeiture help the feudal system function properly?

A

It meant that if a vassal didn’t perform as he promised in his oath, his land would be taken away

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52
Q

How important was religion in the Medieval world?

A

Very, it was at the centre of most people’s lives

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53
Q

What religion were the majority of people in Western Europe?

A

Catholic

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54
Q

Who was the Pope?

A

He was at the head of the Catholic Church, as God’s representative on earth

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55
Q

Did Kings in individual countries have a say over religion?

A

They expected to have a say in the appointment of key individuals

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56
Q

What were two features of how the Church was structured?

A

The Archbishop of Canterbury supervised the clergy in England
The Bishops managed an area called the diocese and the priests and monks were in it

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57
Q

What were two features of how the Church worked as a part of the Feudal system?

A

Care for the spiritual welfare of the people by making sure they followed the Church’s teachings
The Church owned about 20% of the land in England so they had to perform duties to keep it

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58
Q

Why did the clergy have conflict of interests?

A

The clergy saw the Pope as their supreme overlord whereas the King expected complete loyalty from them

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59
Q

When would a Pope use punishments such as Interdict and excommunication?

A

If they felt that a serious crime against the Church had been comitted

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60
Q

What were the main problems faced in Peasant life?

A

People struggled to provide for their families

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61
Q

What was the difference between a villein and a freeman?

A

a villein worked for their overlord and a freeman rented land from the overlord

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62
Q

What was the manorial estate?

A

Villages that surrounded a manor house in which the lord of the manor lived

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63
Q

What was the purpose of the reeve?

A

An official chosen from the villeins to supervise the farm work

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64
Q

How were fields organised?

A

Into fallowed and strips

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65
Q

What was the most profitable industry in the 13th century?

A

Wool

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66
Q

What role did animals play in the life of peasants?

A

They could be used for produce (milk) or the graze the land

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67
Q

What were two features of peasant housing?

A

They were made of wooden strips woven together and plastered with manure
They lived in one room with very little furniture

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68
Q

What were two features of peasant labour?

A

They worked from dawn until dusk

They used very basic equipment

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69
Q

What were two features of life for peasant women and children?

A

Women had to take care of the house and family

Children didn’t go to school, when they were old enough they would go and work with their father

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70
Q

What were two features of leisure time for peasants?

A

They had days of for festivals, these were often Christian festivals
Festivals included activities such as wrestling and ale drinking competitions

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71
Q

Which two forms of employment could be found in towns?

A

Farmers and traders

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72
Q

What was the purpose of the town charter?

A

It granted freedom for the control of the local lord

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73
Q

What did London look like during the 13th century?

A

It was split into wards and each one had their own elected alderman, who took responsibility for it

74
Q

What were the features of the town guilds?

A

Tradesmen had unrestricted rights to trade in the town

Members had to pay their entrance fees and guarantee they would pay their taxes

75
Q

What were two ways that towns played a role in the economy?

A

Trade was controlled by tolls, which was when money had to be paid on things that were bought and sold
To have market stall, traders had to pay a fee to town officials

76
Q

What were the features of leisure time for people that lived in towns?

A

They had fairs on important days in the Christian calendar, these included selling luxury goods but also sports such as archery

77
Q

What were two features of the legal status of jews in England?

A

They had legal protection from the King

They didn’t have to pay taxes

78
Q

Why did Christians not like usury?

A

They weren’t allowed to charge interest on loans, but Jews were

79
Q

Why were the pogroms against the Jews during 1189 and 90?

A

Christians regarded money lending as unchristian
Jews were accused of being Christ killers
Some Christians felt that the Jewish gift to the King was an insult

80
Q

How did Richard and John exploit the Jewish people for tax?

A

They had to pay a large amount towards Richard’s ransom

John charged them £2,700 for the rights outlined in his 1201 charter

81
Q

What was Richard known as and how did he develop that nickname?

A

Lionheart, he was a successful warrior

82
Q

What two good reasons did Richard have for his claim to the throne?

A

Richard was the oldest surviving son

He successfully controlled lands in France

83
Q

What were two features of richards crowning ceremony?

A

He was dressed in gold from head to toe

He took the coronation oath and promised to protect the kingdom

84
Q

What were two ways Richard secured his kingdom so he could go on the Crusade?

A

He appointed William Longchamp as his Chancellor

He banned John and Geoffrey from England for three years to prevent rebellion

85
Q

What were the features of Richards character as King?

A

He was a great warrior but could be arrogant and selfish

86
Q

How long was Richard in England for as King?

A

6 months out of 10 years

87
Q

How did John rebel against Richards governing of England in 1191?

A

John set up his own court and collected his own taxes

He seized control of Nottingham and Tickhill castles

88
Q

Why did the Barons support John’s rebellion?

A

They hated William Longchamp

89
Q

What were the unpopular features of how John ruled as regent between 1192 and 1194?

A

Heavy taxes were imposed
John lied about Richard being dead
John allied with King Philip II of France

90
Q

How did Richard reassert order after his release in 1194?

A

He appointed Hubert Walter as justiciar who implemented a peaceful way of ruling while Richared was away

91
Q

How is John usually portrayed as a King?

A

As the worst Medieval King

92
Q

What were the reasons for Johns claim to the throne in 1199?

A

It was supported by important people in the country

He had proven himself to be a good warrior with Richard

93
Q

Who rivalled John for the throne?

A

Geoffrey’s son Arthur of Brittney

94
Q

How did John secure power in 1199?

A

He appointed a royal baron to protect the North of the kingdom from the threat of Scotland
He secured the continental lands of the empire
He made a peace treaty with Philip of France

95
Q

What were the terms of the peace treaty with Philip?

A

John agreed to give land to Philip
John agreed to do homage to Philip for his lands
Philip dropped his support for Arthur’s claim to the throne

96
Q

What happened in August 1200?

A

John kidnapped Arthur and imprisoned him

Arthur was then stabbed and his body dumped in a river

97
Q

How did the norman barons respond to Arthur’s death?

A

They moved their support to Philip

98
Q

Why were people not loyal to King John?

A

He had a short temper and demonstrated cruel behaviour

99
Q

What was John’s main focus for the first years of his rein?

A

To defend the land in France

100
Q

Why did John’s reign become more and more unpopular?

A

John chose ‘new men’ to advise him rather than barons
Cases could only be heard when John was present
John used cruel punishments

101
Q

Why did both Richard and John tax people heavily?

A

They were both at war for long periods of time

102
Q

What was Richards income between 1194 and 1198?

A

£25,000

103
Q

What was John income as King and what did he collect in 1211?

A

£22-25,000

£83,291 (1211)

104
Q

Why were the values of revenues falling during the reigns of Richard and John?

A

Prices were rising rapidly

Debasement, people taking parts of coins and melting them down to make new ones

105
Q

What were two features of how the Royal Demesne was set up?

A

Royal hunting forests

Royal manor estates

106
Q

How could John make money by interfering with legal cases?

A

People would pay for him to rule in their favour

107
Q

What was scutage?

A

A payment made in return for not having to fight

108
Q

What was the 1207 tax on movables and incomes?

A

A tax paid by barons to King John, it was based on their goods and incomes

109
Q

What were the role of sheriffs in government and finance?

A

They were given an amount of tax to collect from an area, anything else they collected they were allowed to keep

110
Q

What does Crusade mean?

A

A Holy war fought by Christians

111
Q

What was the Angevin Empire?

A

An area of land in England and France owned by King Henry, Richard, John and Eleanor of Aquitaine

112
Q

Where is Normandy?

A

In the North of France

113
Q

How did Christians in Medieval times justify a war?

A

If it was named by a legitimate authority
It had a reason for fighting
There would be little violence

114
Q

What were the immediate reasons for a Third Crusade?

A

Four Crusader states had been taken over by the Muslim leader, Saladin

115
Q

What were the longer term reasons for the Crusades generally?

A

The Holy Land was being threatened by Muslims

116
Q

Who were the English Crusaders?

A

Knights and their military households (including trainee knights)

117
Q

Which other countries fought with England on the Crusade?

A

France (King Philip) and the Holy Roman Empire (Frederick I)

118
Q

How many men did Richard command in total in 1191?

A

17,000 men

119
Q

Why did people join the Crusade?

A

Religion, they were promised forgiveness through an indulgence
Rewards, they didn’t have to pay the Saladin tithe and had the potential of becoming wealth
Responsibility, felt like they had to if other local people were fighting

120
Q

What attitudes did people have of Crusaders?

A

Supportive, can be seen by Richards nickname Lionheart

Jews were seen as enemies of Christians, people showed support by carrying out the pogroms

121
Q

Why were the crusades resented by some people?

A

People had to manage land while knights were away
The Saladin Tithe was expensive and put a financial burden on people
People thought the King should be present to protect the country

122
Q

What were Richard’s reasons for going on the Crusade?

A

Personal connections, his recent ancestor had been the King of Jerusalem
Religious devotion, believed it was the sacred duty of good christians
Personal glory, chance to be remembered as a great warrior and celebrated for a long time
Opportunity, has a lot of wealth and power for the Crusade, never going to be a better time

123
Q

Why did Richard and Philip fall out while on the Crusade?

A

There was already a bad feeling between the two Kings before they left
Richard received a positive reception from the people in Sicily but Philip did not
Richard didn’t keep his promise to marry Philip’s sister Alice
Richard conquered Cyprus without Philip and refused to share the wealth of the island

124
Q

What were the outcomes of Richard’s victory at Acre?

A

The Muslims handed over their siege weapons and ships, and paid 200,000 gold coins
Christian prisoners were released
Saladin promised to return the fragments of Jesus’ cross (True Cross) to them

125
Q

What were the outcomes of the battle of Arsuf?

A

Richard was successful and forced the Muslim army for flee the country

126
Q

What were the reasons for Christian reluctance to capture the ‘Holy city’ of Jerusalem?

A

Feared Saladin’s army would surround them
Cut off from supplies if they moved too far from the coast
The city was surrounded by a strong wall that would be difficult to break down
They wouldn’t be able to hold onto it even if they did succeed in taking control

127
Q

Why was Richard under pressure to capture Jerusalem quickly?

A

He heard about John’s rebellion in England

Crusader nobles were prepared to march on Jerusalem without Richard and didn’t want them to take glory

128
Q

Why did Richard not march on Jerusalem a second time?

A

He feared Saladin would cut off his supply lines to the coast if he pushed on
Water was scarce for his soldiers
He didn’t believe he would be able to hold the city

129
Q

What happened at Jaffa between August-September 1192?

A

Saladin attacked Jaffa and Richard came and saved the city from collapse

130
Q

Why did Richard and Jaffa come to a peace agreement in 1192?

A

Richard needed to return home and Saladin was ill

131
Q

What did Richard and Saladin agree to in 1192?

A

A three year truce in fighting
The Christian’s would control the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa
Muslims were to remain in control of Jerusalem but Christian pilgrims would have free and safe access to Jerusalem

132
Q

How was Richard I captured?

A

Richard was on his way home when he was caught going through Austria

133
Q

In what ways was the burden a demand on England?

A

It was a heavy financial demand as the ransom was set at 100,000 marks

134
Q

How was the ransom eventually paid?

A

Eleanor of Aquitaine took charge on collecting taxes to pay off the ransom
A tax on Jews
A land tax on ever land owner
25% tax on movables and incomes

135
Q

What did Richard achieve on his return to England?

A

He crushed what was left of John’s revolt

Appointed Hubert Walter as head of government

136
Q

What did Philip II want complete control over?

A

The whole of France

137
Q

What empire was Richard trying to defend?

A

The Angevin Empire

138
Q

What condition was Normandy in 1194?

A

It was weak after Johns attack

139
Q

Why did John swap sides to fight with Richard in 1194?

A

He knew he wouldn’t be able to fight against Richard

140
Q

Why was building the castle a strategic decision?

A

It was a defensive structure

A place where Richard could hold court

141
Q

What were the key features for building the castle?

A

It was built high above the town and harbour

The walls were round which meant it had no weak points

142
Q

What was the cost of building the castle?

A

£12,000

143
Q

How was Richard killed in 1189?

A

Injury in his shoulder than became infected

144
Q

How did King John act recklessly toward Hugh de Lusignan, his vassal?

A

He married de Lusignan promised wife Isabelle of Angouleme

145
Q

When and why did Philip become John’s Feudal overlord?

A

In 1200

The terms of a treaty when John became King

146
Q

What were the consequences of John refusing to meet Philip II in Paris?

A

Philip declared Johns lands forfeit (lost) and they went to Arthur

147
Q

How did John has a success in Normandy in the summer of 1202?

A

He marched 80 miles in 48 hours and captured Arthur

148
Q

What were the four big problems John faced in defending Normandy?

A

The English barons didn’t want another war
John had to give money to allies to keep their support
Poitou had a long history of keeping control, John had to have forces there
Arthur was under the control of Philip and worked with him to attack different bits of land

149
Q

Why did John lose Normandy in 1204?

A

He had lost the trust of the Normans when he murdered Arthur, they defected to Philip
John returned to England to sort problems he was facing there
John didn’t have enough money to pay for a war
He was reliant on the Pope to create a peace treaty with him and Philip

150
Q

Who was the Pope during John’s reign?

A

Pope Innocent III

151
Q

What did interdict mean?

A

The withdrawal of church services from and individual or country

152
Q

What did excommunication mean?

A

The exclusion from an individual from the church and all its services

153
Q

Why did King John fall out with the Pope?

A

They didn’t agree on the candidate for the Archbishop of Canterbury

154
Q

How did John punish those he felt were undermining his right to chose his Archbishop?

A

He refused to allowed Stephen Langton into the kingdom
He expelled Canterbury monks from their monastery
He seized the land held by Italian clergy in England

155
Q

How were the personalities of John and Pope Innocent III similar?

A

They were both stubborn

156
Q

How did the interdict impact on people’s lives in England?

A

Blessings were not given for the dying
Sermons could only be preached in a church courtyard
Marriages could not take place in a church
Christian burial was forbidden, souls wouldn’t go to heaven

157
Q

How did people adapt to live under the interdict?

A

Churches coped with the interdict by holding services outside their doors

158
Q

How did John react to the interdict?

A

He punished the people he blamed for the interdict

John seized their land and revenue, using the money to come to an agreement with the Pope

159
Q

Who got excommunicated in 1209?

A

John

160
Q

Why did the barons have a difficult decision to make after the excommunication in 1209?

A

They had to decide who to follow, the Church or King John

161
Q

What was England threatened with in 1213?

A

Inavsion by Princes Louis of France

162
Q

What did John have to agree to for the Interdict and excommunication to be lifted?

A

Stephen Langton would be allowed to come to England as Archbishop of Canterbury
Churchmen who had fled England during the quarrel were allowed to return
John had to pay the Pope £27,000
If John broke the agreement he would lose his right to appoint people to church offices forever

163
Q

What did John do that made him appear weak?

A

He surrendered the kingdoms of England and Ireland to the Pope, this made him a vassal to the Pope

164
Q

What does arbitrary power mean?

A

Using power based on a personal whim or prejudice

165
Q

How did John use arbitrary power against his barons?

A

John used their debts to increase his power over them

166
Q

Why was there little chance of the barons getting justice against John?

A

John was King and therefore highest authority in terms of justice

167
Q

What were the key features of the plot against John in 1212?

A

Some of John’s barons were in a plot with Prince Llewelyn of Wales to kill John
John marched North to re-establish his control as King and then relaxed some of his demands for taxes

168
Q

How did the defeat at the battle of Bouvines in Normandy in 1214 add to the anger felt towards John?

A

He had charged scutage, heavy taxes and feudal fines on the barons and knights

169
Q

What was the overall impact of his fail to recapture Normandy?

A

John failed as a warrior
John had permanently lost the revenues from Normandy
John could not reward the Barons with land in France
The Barons plotted a rebellion against him

170
Q

What was the Magna Carta?

A

A written document that outlined the limits on the King’s power

171
Q

What were the main features of the rebellion against John in 1215?

A

They confirmed John at Bury St Edmunds and tried to force him to adopt the Great Charter
John initially refused and said he would give a decision in April
John attempted to stall for more time but the Barons ran out of patience and captured London

172
Q

Why did the Barons want Magna Carta put in place?

A

John’s high financial demands had put a lot of pressure on the Barons
The barons were losing power as John was bringing in ‘new men’
John’s use of arbitrary power to treat his barons badly

173
Q

What were John’s fears surrounding the signing of Magna Carta?

A

He feared that if he didn’t sign it quick enough, greater restrictions would be put on him

174
Q

What were two features of what was included in the Magna Carta?

A

The English church was to be free from interference from the King
The King could not imprison, outlaw or arrest anyone unless it was done according to the law

175
Q

What gave John the opportunity to break the Magna Carta after only three months?

A

The Pope declared the Magna Carta illegal because John was forced to sign it

176
Q

Why was Prince Louis of France invited by the barons to become King of England?

A

John renounced the Magna Carta

He had distant claim to the throne in England

177
Q

What happened during the siege of Rochester?

A

Rochester castle had a strong strategic position and John knew he needed it
In October he attacked it and cut off access
He destroyed it and undermined its foundations, leading to collapse
John quickly moved north and captured other castles on route

178
Q

What were the events of Prince Louis’ invasion?

A

Louis landed in may 1216 and took control of Rochester castle
Next he moved onto London and then onto Winchester

179
Q

How did people respond to the death of King John in 1216?

A

Not many people mourned King John

180
Q

What were the reasons for there being a problem with John’s succession?

A

Fears that the rebels would crown Louis as King

Henry was only 9 years old and needed a Lord protector, William Marshal

181
Q

What did William Marshal do while Protector?

A

He took charge of the government finances and the campaigns against the rebels
He reissued a revised version of the Magna Carta
He quickly had the young King Henry III crowned to make sure the Barons would show loyalty to him as a rightful King

182
Q

Why was England in poor condition by 1216?

A

England was in the middle of a civil war
The kingdom was bankrupt as taxes could not be collected during the civil war
Land was captured in the North by the Scottish King and in the West by Llewelyn

History (3 decks)

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