superpower Flashcards
Tehran
USA AND GB would open second front in nazi occupied france
USSR would launch their own assault simultaneously
USSR would declare war on japan after europe war over
Wanted unconditional surrender of germany and that it should remain weak.
Agreed Poland gets land from germany but USSR keeps land taken from Poland
Agreed establishment of UN
Yalta
germany would be split in 4 zones
berlin as well
un will be set up
20bn reperations, 10bn go ussr
nazi party banned, war criminals porsecuted
ussr agree join war against japan
stalin agree east europe countries have free elections
polant borders brought back to 1921 borders, stalin also promised free elections in poand
Potsdam change in personnel
roosevelt replaced by truman
churclill replaced by clement atlee
agreements at Potsdam
germany divided into 4 zones
berlin as well
each adminstering country ould take reperations from their own zone. ussr would get 25% of output from other 3 occupied zones
world events before Potsdam conference
german surrendered
atomic bomb was made
UN was formed in treaty of san francisco june 1945
Long telegram
USSR saw capitalism as a threat that had to be destroyed
USSR feared outside world
USSR was building military power
peace was not possible
strong resistance would stop USSR
Novikov telegram
USA wanted to dominate world with their military power
no longer wanted cooperation with USSR
they were preparing their people for war with USSR
impac of atom bomb
6 aug 1945 - ato bomb ( = to 12000 tons of tnt) on hiroshima. 9 aug - on nagasaki.
120k ppl dead from both bombs.
USSR didnt know theyd be dropped
also caused tensions as US had upper hand
started arms race
caused tighter control on eastern bloc countires by stalin
How did Poland become satelitte state
1944 - Warsaw uprising
red army waited until it was crushed
then invaded poland and establish comunist government
1947 - london poles fled
operation bagration
2.3m soldiers sent by ussr
Approximately 4,000 tanks and self-propelled guns.
Around 24,000 artillery pieces and mortars.
Over 5,300 aircraft
How did the baltics become satelitte state
Invaded by red army in 1940.
A part of USSR
whe other countires got atom bomb
ussr - 1949
britan frnace and china had atom bomb by 1964
How did Ygoslavia and albania become satelitte state
Never occupied by Red army
had more independene
were satelitte states as they were communist
operation overlord
Approximately 156,000 soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day.
About 24,000 airborne troops were dropped behind enemy line
Over 5,000 ships and landing craft were involved
By the end of June 1944, around 850,000 Allied troops had landed in Normandy
How did Bugaria, romania and east germany become satelitte state
1944 and 1945 - red army took control of them
free elections made, voters intimidated, communist government made
How did Hungary become satelitte state
election 1945
some communists elected
1947 - voters intimidated into electing communist party
1949 - hungary now one party communist state
How did Chezkhoslovika become satelitte state
Benes lead a coalition gov which tried restoring pre war democracy.
Stalin saw as a threat
Communists staged a coup in feb 1948 and pro soviet govenment formed
why buffer zone amde
nukes can be shot down over buffer zone not USSR - less danger
land invasion will take time before reaching russian land - allows fr time to mobilise red army and prepare
what was truman doctrine
policy of containment of spread of communism
no more isolationism
marshall plan
between 1948-52 - 12.7bn aid given from marshall plan
as well as 13bn from aid beofre marshall plan
was amrshall plan offered to eastern bloc countires
yes
but theywere forced to refuse
impact of truman doctrine and marshall plan
Grand alliance officially nonexistent
Stalins suspicions of the west reinforced.
Marshall plan tied west europe countires in suporting USA
Europe became place where both ussr and usa fought for influence
cominform
22 sep 1947:
members: USSR, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, hungary, poland, romania and communist parties of yugoslavia, france and italy
gave stalin way to control govs of stellite states, ensuring they took orders from moscow.
trade encouraged with other satllite states, any contact discouraged with nonsatellite states.
Comecon
25 jan 1949:
members: USSR, Bulgaria, chezkoslovakia, hungary, poland, romania, east germany. albania joined 1950
aimed to support econoic development in member states.
post1953, USSR used it to organise industrial planning across the countries. they all add a 5yp, nationalised industry and collectivisied agriculture. trade discourgaed with non satelite states.
how much did bulgaria trade increase from w/ satellite states because of comecon
10% in 1930 to 90% in 1951
when was bizonia formed
1947
us and gb land maerged to form bizonia
when trizonia formed
march 1948
france joined their land as well
when was deutschmark made
june 1948
made to make economic unity within trizonia
why were soviets furious with deutschmark
caused seperate economic unit from the east
acknowledged 2 germanys: east and west
what happened june 1948
berlin blockade
ao1 for berlin blockade
On average, they delivered about 1,000 tonnes of supplies daily.
peak month: jan 1949 - 170000 tonnes supplies sent
The highest daily delivery was recorded on April 16, 1949, when 1,398 flights brought in nearly 13,000 tons of supplies in a single day
278,228 flights total into berlin
2.3 million tons of supplies between June 24, 1948, and May 9, 1949
formation of west germany
23 may 1949 - Trizonia becomes West germany
14 aug 1949 - Bundestag, german parliament, formed
15 sep 1949 - Konrad adenauer, first elected chancellor takes office
Capital was Bonn.
formation of east germany
Oct 1949 - east germany formed
NATO
April 1949:
Nato formed.
if one member attacked, the rest protect it by any means necessary
impact: us military presence in europe
increased tnsion
two armed camps in europe
Warsaw Pact
may 1955 - west germany join nato.
this is bad, danger of armed and powerful germany on borders of soviet controlled east europe.
within a week, warsaw pact formed.
hydrogen bomb
made by usa in 1952
1000x stronger than atom bomb
1953 - USSR make one
ICBM
1957 - us have icbm
months later, ussr testing icbms
icbm range: 4500km
When did eisenhower become pres
1953
when did khruschev become ru;er
1956
3 years after stalin death 1953
what did nagy do
held talks w/ USSR - resulted in tanks withdrawal from hungary
30 oct 1956 - released political prisoners
next day he published reforms:
free elections, trade links with west, freedom of press, speech and worship
also intended to withdraw hungary from warsaw pact.
asked UN to conisder hungary disputes w/ USSR
response to the hungarian uprising
4th nov:
200000 troops, 6000 tanks returned to hungary
what did US secretary off state say to nagy
you can count on us
he thought theyd help him if he needed it
however this was notthe case
Why was nagy brought into power
1956 - people began to protest about lack of political freedom, fuel shortage and poor harvest
october - riots in capital. soviet troops restored order and nagy brought into power
what happened to nagy
prosmised safe passage by kadar, but he was kidnapped
july 1959 - nagy executed
impact of hungarian uprising
About 200,000 refugees fled to the West.
Nagy was tricked into leaving his refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy and was hanged in Budapest in 1958.
Kádár, a
communist
, ruled until 1988. He was loyal to Moscow but he allowed some freedom of discussion.
Hungary was placed under strict communist control.
In Eastern Europe, there was the realisation that the USSR would not tolerate anyone attempting to break free from the
Warsaw Pact
. They also accepted that even if they remained loyal to communism it had to be on the USSR’s terms.
Events in Hungary were a clear warning to the other countries within the Soviet
sphere of influence
not to attempt any move towards independence.
us criticised for no action
teniosn icnrease
communsim looked worse
casualties from the hunagrian uprising
7000 soviet troops dead
20000 rebel casualties
200000 hungarians fled
what was brain drain
skilled workers leaving east germany
theyleft for better salaries, more freedom and quality of life
how may east germans crossed border by 1958
by 1958, 3m east germancs
when khrushchv asked for western contires to recognise eastgermanY?
nov 1958
berlin ultimatum
27 nov
ultimatum demanded:
demilitarisation of berlin and western troops withdrawal from there
berlin become free city
west had 6monthsto make changes or control of all routes into berlin given to gov of east germany
geneva
may 1959:
proposals on how berlin should be governed.
no agreement
invitation to USA by eisenhower
camp david
sep 1959:
no agreement.
USSR withdrew ultimatum.
appeared like better relations
Paris
may 1960:
1 may: USSR shot down US U2 Spy plane over USSR land
there were no talks in paris as a result
Vienna
June 1961:
No agreement reached.
Strained relationship between Kennedy and Khrushchev
after vienna: kennedy increase spending on armed forces by 2bn
side effect of talks between berlins future
more east germans crossed border
on one day in aug 1961, 40000 east germans crossed to west
Building the Berlin Wall
night of 12 aug 1961, barbed wire fence built between east and west berlin
work on a concrete wall stretching 165km began
Negative impacts of the wall on US
border closed without them being consulted.
people wanting to escape communism couldnt anymore
Negative impacts of wall on USSR
plans of uniting germany under soviet control abandoned
wall showed that people preferred capitalism over communism
Positive outcomes of the wall on USSR
stopped skilled workers leaving east berlin
sent a message - communism would survive in berlin. any attempt to reunite germnay under western control would fail
Positive outcomes of wall on US
showed khrushchev had been forced to accept western control of west berlin
west berlin became emblem of freedom and defiance against communism
cuban revolution
jan 1959 - pro US gov in cuba overthrown by fidel castro.
three areas of tension in the aftermath of the revolution
Cuba had to follow guidelines set by International Monetary Fund
May 1959 - Castro takes over all land owned by foreign nationals.
Castro appointed communists to his government. Most notably, in Feb 1960, he made an agreement with USSR for economic aid. A secret clause allowed Cuba to receive arms from USSR.
what caused cuban missile crisis
14 oct 1962 - u2 spy plane finds launch pads for missiles on cuba. intelligence shows soviet ships are carrying missiles to cuba.
reasons why khrushcev wanted missiles on cuba
NATO had missiles in turkey.
khrushcev wanted to restore prestige.
khruschev feared government attack
Why was keneedy forced to take action
upcoming elections - no action meant his party would do bad
huge blow to nation pride if no acion
khruschev woul be emboldened and ty push kenedy around in negotitations
ExComm
16 Oct - excomm called to discuss what they should do.
22 oct - they decide to blockade cuba
24 oct - soviet ships reach blockade and turn around
telegrams sent between khruschev and kennedy CMC
26 oct - khruschev sends telegram agreeing to remove missiles from cuba ifamericans didnt invae cuba
27 oct - another tlegram. khruschev would only remove missiles from cuba if missiles in turkey removed.
Kennedy accepted first telegram. his borther would meet soviet ambassador and agree to remove turkish missiles.
consequences CMC
june 1963 - hotline formed between washington and moscow. allowed quick communication between the leaders in cases of emergency
aug 1963 - Test ban treaty signed by ussr, gb, us. prohibited testing of nukes in space, underwater or in atmosphere.
1967 - outer space treaty signed. us and ussr agreed not to use space for military purposes. ncuelar weapons were not alloed to be put into orbit.
1968 - nuclear non-proliferation treaty. sharing nuclear tech with othercountries was prohibited by those who signed the treaty.
opposition to soviet control in cezhosclovika
1948 - coup establishes pro soviet gov under klement gottwald.
czech people life hard:
secret police maintina control
economy run for benefit of ussr
few consumer goods
no freedom of speech
lots of censoring of news
purges between 1949 and 1954
low standard of living, lack of freedom
culminated in student demonstrations 1966
Dubcek
1968 - dubcek elected first secretary of communist party
he was committed to arsaw pact, devoted communist, believed it was right path
wanted ‘socialism with a human face’
thought citizens should enjoy life, express opinions without being punished
Dubcek reforms
censorship relaxed, criticism of gov actions allowed
trade unions given wider powers, gov control of industry reduced
more power given to czech regional govs
trade w/ west increase
czech peole given greater freedom to travel abroad
soviet invasion chezcholovkaia
20 aug 1969 - 500k warsaw pact troops invade czeckslovkai.
what happened to dubcek after invasion
arrested, sent to moscow, ordered to reverse reforms
1969 - dismissed, replaced by gustav husak.
husak indrocudeced clampdown - over 1k czechs arrested
for next 20yrs cezchoslovakia firmly under approved communist rule
Brezhnev doctrine
26 sep 1968 - pravda sets out speech that will become known as brezhnev doctrine
it said: actions of any individual communist country affected all communist countries. if one country actions threatne other country, duty of the countries to stop the actions.
impactof prague spring on relations between other communis ountries in europe
strained relationship between moscow and yugoslavia and romania
communist parties of italy and france cut links to moscow
govs of east germnay and poland welcomed the actions - they flet more secure now
greater control of warsaw pact, reinforced by brezhnev doctrine
impact of prage sring on relations between us and ussr
us and other western countries outrage - condemned invasion
attempt to pass formal resolution condemning invasion, but vetod by ussr
ussr saw usa would do no direct action to oppose ussr in east europe
impact of prague spring on us international reputation
countries saw us keen to condemn, not keen to take action
us was currently in costly war in vietnam and starting to adopt policy of detente
detente
period of relaxation of tensions
occured following CMC
leaders saw that even if they didnt want to go to war, they could very easily by accident
this could lead to nuclear war which was MAD (mutually assured destruction)
leaders both didnt want to destroy their countries
ongoing arms race
1957 - usa make icbm
months later, ussr have icbm
1960 - usa make slbm. 1968, ussr have slbm.
ussr make abm in 1968, usa have it 1972
why did us follow policy of detente
1968 - nixon becomes pres. wanted to take us out of vietname war, which cost $bns + 60k american soldier death
also large scale protests in us, some due to war and some to social issues. 1968 - mass riots following MLK death
policy of detente allowed us to spend less on weapons and more to solve social issues
why did ussr follow policy of detente
had economic prolems
needed to devote more resources to improve lviing standards and updating economy
they felt they didnt need to spend money in an arms race as they felt tqual to the US in nuclear weapon capability. also vietnam war showed us werent unbeatable
SALT 1
signed may 1972
stated:
ABMs allowed at 2 sites, each site max 100 missiles
Interim treaty restricted numbers of ICBMs and SLBMS:
US - 1054 ICBM, 740 SLBM
USSR - 1618 ICBM, 740 SLBM
USSR had more ICBM as US have more strateigc bomber
Basic principles agreement laid rules for conduct of nucklear warfare (eg no nukes on seabed) both countries had to avoid war at all costs.
impact of salt 1
better terms between us and ussr
nixon visited brezhnev shortly after signing salt 1
1973 - brezhnev goes washingotn
1974 - negotitations begin for salt 2
weaknesses SALT 1
signing a piece of paper wouldnt stop war
didnt cover latest tech developments (MIRVS)
Helsinki accords
in 1973, 33 nations from NATO n Warsaw Pact met.
aug 1975 - announced theyd agreed in 3 areas
these were the baskets
Basket 1
first time the borders between east and west germany and of soviet controlled countries formally accepted
these borders are inviolable, cant be altered by force
Basket 2
better relations between us and ussr
trade agreements made
tech exchanges
joint space mission - apollo soyuz mission 1975
Basket 3
humans right would be respected
there will be individual freedoms - free spech, religion and movement
soviet and us opinion on baskets
Soviets happy with 1 and 2 - recognition of borders and boost to ussr economy
some US politicnas not hapy with them
US liked basket 3
USSR didnt, worried organisations would be made to monitor soviet policies in satellite states
SALT 2
18 june 1979: SALT 2 signed
restrictions on missile lanchers + strategic bombers, and ban on testing/deploying new types of ICBM
why did relations worsen between us and ussr
growing belief soviets couldnt be trusted. increase in soviet support in many countries, some felt any agreement with ussr was sign of weakness.
Nov 1979 - islamic militants capture amiercan embassy in iran, 60 ppl hostage for 444 days. ppl wanted return of us dominance as result
people in us gov wanted strnger stance against soviets
dec 1979 - ussr invasion of AFG
what ended up happening to salt 2 after invasion of AFG
withdrawn from senate
why was USSR interested in AFG
1979: shah deposed, muslim fundameltalists form a gov in iran.
AFG now a buffer - ussr had to prevent muslim fundamentalism spreading into it, therefore there had to be pro soviet gov in AFG
build up to invasion of AFG
april 1978: pro soviet gov takes control in afg. received economic assistance from moscow.
toppled in sep 1979 when hafizullah amin staged a coup. at first amin supported by ussr, but his gov became unpopular as other proMuslim factions tried to overthrow him.
when brezhnev heard amin talking to USA, he decided to act
the invasion
24 sep 1979: ussr invade afg under claims they invited by amin to support the gov against terrorists.
amin assassinated 27 dec and replaced by pro soviet babrak kamal.
soviets stayed in afg for 10 years fighting opponents of kamal.
who aided mujahideen
USA
gave them weapons and bns of dollars
cost for ussr of afg war
8bn a year
15000 soviet troops killed
civilian casualties afg
up to 1.5m civ deaths
what did us do following afg invasion
withdraw salt 2 from senate
increase spending on arms
carter doctrine - will use force to protect us interests in persian gulf, if necessary
economic sanction on ussr
aided mujahideen
impact of invasion on us-ussr relations
end of detente
1980: reagan wins landslide victory after arguing us has to regain its position on world stage and stand up to communism
Olympic boycotts
usa led boycott of 1980 olymics in moscow
over 60 nations supported the us boycott
ussr boycotted 1984 LA olympics - 15 communist countries supported it
Reagan policies
1983: he calls ussr ‘evil empire’ and the us forces of ‘good’
persuaded congress to boost arms spending. 1982, 13% increase. 8% increase in 1983 and 1984.
new weapons (trident submarines, stealth bombers made)
reagan doctrine - us gov will support anti communist govs and govs trying to topple communist govs. US support given to insurgent groups in el salvador and nicaragua. also invaded grenada and toppled communist gov there.
SDI
1983 - SDI announced
was a series of satellites that shot lasers on missiles. was against terms of 1967 outer space treaty.
it wasnt even ready yet - didnt work.
soviets were shocked - al their missiles redundant. would cost a lot to even start creating their own version.
problems facing ussr whne gorbachev came to power
March 1985: gorbachev now leader.
problems:
lots of psending on arms. investment in soviet economy low. barely any indutrial growth. low standards of living. lack of human rights. (in poland - trade union ‘solidarity’ got so popular it had to be banned). 1981 - authorities declared martial law.
opposition to communist rule kept in check by secret police (stasi in E.ger, securitate in romania)
poor leadership
Gorbachev reforms
perestroika - reform of soviet state and economy. more inclusion of capitalism.
glasnost - policy of openness. freedom to express opinions or criticise communist gov, but not leader.
Brezhnev doctrine dropped - no more interference in dometic affairs of other communist countries.
reduced spending on arms and defence and withdrawal from AFG.
result of gorbachev reform on us-ussr relations
relations got better
Geneva summit
nov 1985
before geneva summit, old hardliner foreign minister andrei gromyko replaced by eduard shevardnadze.
no formal agreement made at summit, but relations increase
washington summit
december 1987
INF treaty - all land based missiles with a 500-5500km range abolished.
rejkjavik summit
oct 1986
gorbachev proposed phasing out nukes if us gave up SDI
he was worried about danger of nukes following chernobyl disaster april 1986
no agreement - us did not accept. relations increased.
how czechoslovakia lost comm rule
nov 1989
velvet revolution overthrows comm gov. anti comm Vaclav Havel elected president.
how poland lost communist rule
june 1989
Solidarity legalised, wins landslide victory in elections
malta summit
1989
no new agreements. both states saw this meeting as ending of cold war
moscow summit
1988
complex detail in inf treaty resolved.
later in the year gorbachev goes to usa and made speech at UN annoucning reduction in warsaw pact troops and withdrawal of forces from afg
how east ger lost communist rule
sep 1989
lots of e.germans leave for west thru hungary to austria. 11 sep - 125000 e.germans cross border
oct 1989
gorbachev refuses to help e.ger gov put down demonstartions.
nov 1989
e.ger gov announces crossing to west berlin will open.
fall of berlin wall
east and west germany formally reunited 1990
ho hungary lost communist rule
may 1989
fence along border with austria taken down.
the gov promises democracy and free elections held october
how romania lost comm rule
dec 1989
demonstartions against comm gov.
comm leader Ceausescu overthrown n executed
how bulgaria lost comm rule
dec 1989
comm leader peter mladenov resign on live tv.
free election held next year.
how yugoslavia lost comm rule
dec 1990
slovenians vote to be independent.
yugoslavia breaks up as croatia, serbia, montenegro, bosnia-herzegovina, kosovo and macedonia all declare independece in 1990s
