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superpower Flashcards

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1
Q

Tehran

A

USA AND GB would open second front in nazi occupied france
USSR would launch their own assault simultaneously
USSR would declare war on japan after europe war over
Wanted unconditional surrender of germany and that it should remain weak.
Agreed Poland gets land from germany but USSR keeps land taken from Poland
Agreed establishment of UN

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2
Q

Yalta

A

germany would be split in 4 zones
berlin as well
un will be set up
20bn reperations, 10bn go ussr
nazi party banned, war criminals porsecuted
ussr agree join war against japan
stalin agree east europe countries have free elections
polant borders brought back to 1921 borders, stalin also promised free elections in poand

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3
Q

Potsdam change in personnel

A

roosevelt replaced by truman
churclill replaced by clement atlee

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4
Q

agreements at Potsdam

A

germany divided into 4 zones
berlin as well
each adminstering country ould take reperations from their own zone. ussr would get 25% of output from other 3 occupied zones

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4
Q

world events before Potsdam conference

A

german surrendered
atomic bomb was made
UN was formed in treaty of san francisco june 1945

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5
Q

Long telegram

A

USSR saw capitalism as a threat that had to be destroyed
USSR feared outside world
USSR was building military power
peace was not possible
strong resistance would stop USSR

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5
Q

Novikov telegram

A

USA wanted to dominate world with their military power
no longer wanted cooperation with USSR
they were preparing their people for war with USSR

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5
Q

impac of atom bomb

A

6 aug 1945 - ato bomb ( = to 12000 tons of tnt) on hiroshima. 9 aug - on nagasaki.
120k ppl dead from both bombs.
USSR didnt know theyd be dropped
also caused tensions as US had upper hand

started arms race
caused tighter control on eastern bloc countires by stalin

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5
Q

How did Poland become satelitte state

A

1944 - Warsaw uprising
red army waited until it was crushed
then invaded poland and establish comunist government
1947 - london poles fled

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6
Q

operation bagration

A

2.3m soldiers sent by ussr
Approximately 4,000 tanks and self-propelled guns.
Around 24,000 artillery pieces and mortars.
Over 5,300 aircraft

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6
Q

How did the baltics become satelitte state

A

Invaded by red army in 1940.
A part of USSR

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7
Q

whe other countires got atom bomb

A

ussr - 1949
britan frnace and china had atom bomb by 1964

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7
Q

How did Ygoslavia and albania become satelitte state

A

Never occupied by Red army
had more independene

were satelitte states as they were communist

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7
Q

operation overlord

A

Approximately 156,000 soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy on D-Day.
About 24,000 airborne troops were dropped behind enemy line
Over 5,000 ships and landing craft were involved
By the end of June 1944, around 850,000 Allied troops had landed in Normandy

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8
Q

How did Bugaria, romania and east germany become satelitte state

A

1944 and 1945 - red army took control of them
free elections made, voters intimidated, communist government made

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8
Q

How did Hungary become satelitte state

A

election 1945
some communists elected
1947 - voters intimidated into electing communist party
1949 - hungary now one party communist state

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8
Q

How did Chezkhoslovika become satelitte state

A

Benes lead a coalition gov which tried restoring pre war democracy.
Stalin saw as a threat
Communists staged a coup in feb 1948 and pro soviet govenment formed

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8
Q

why buffer zone amde

A

nukes can be shot down over buffer zone not USSR - less danger
land invasion will take time before reaching russian land - allows fr time to mobilise red army and prepare

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9
Q

what was truman doctrine

A

policy of containment of spread of communism

no more isolationism

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9
Q
A
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9
Q

marshall plan

A

between 1948-52 - 12.7bn aid given from marshall plan
as well as 13bn from aid beofre marshall plan

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9
Q

was amrshall plan offered to eastern bloc countires

A

yes
but theywere forced to refuse

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9
Q

impact of truman doctrine and marshall plan

A

Grand alliance officially nonexistent
Stalins suspicions of the west reinforced.
Marshall plan tied west europe countires in suporting USA
Europe became place where both ussr and usa fought for influence

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10
Q

cominform

A

22 sep 1947:

members: USSR, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, hungary, poland, romania and communist parties of yugoslavia, france and italy

gave stalin way to control govs of stellite states, ensuring they took orders from moscow.

trade encouraged with other satllite states, any contact discouraged with nonsatellite states.

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10
Q

Comecon

A

25 jan 1949:

members: USSR, Bulgaria, chezkoslovakia, hungary, poland, romania, east germany. albania joined 1950

aimed to support econoic development in member states.
post1953, USSR used it to organise industrial planning across the countries. they all add a 5yp, nationalised industry and collectivisied agriculture. trade discourgaed with non satelite states.

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10
Q

how much did bulgaria trade increase from w/ satellite states because of comecon

A

10% in 1930 to 90% in 1951

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11
Q

when was bizonia formed

A

1947

us and gb land maerged to form bizonia

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12
Q

when trizonia formed

A

march 1948

france joined their land as well

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12
Q

when was deutschmark made

A

june 1948

made to make economic unity within trizonia

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12
Q

why were soviets furious with deutschmark

A

caused seperate economic unit from the east

acknowledged 2 germanys: east and west

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13
Q

what happened june 1948

A

berlin blockade

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13
Q

ao1 for berlin blockade

A

On average, they delivered about 1,000 tonnes of supplies daily.
peak month: jan 1949 - 170000 tonnes supplies sent
The highest daily delivery was recorded on April 16, 1949, when 1,398 flights brought in nearly 13,000 tons of supplies in a single day
278,228 flights total into berlin
2.3 million tons of supplies between June 24, 1948, and May 9, 1949

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14
Q

formation of west germany

A

23 may 1949 - Trizonia becomes West germany
14 aug 1949 - Bundestag, german parliament, formed
15 sep 1949 - Konrad adenauer, first elected chancellor takes office
Capital was Bonn.

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14
Q

formation of east germany

A

Oct 1949 - east germany formed

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14
Q

NATO

A

April 1949:

Nato formed.
if one member attacked, the rest protect it by any means necessary

impact: us military presence in europe
increased tnsion
two armed camps in europe

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14
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

may 1955 - west germany join nato.
this is bad, danger of armed and powerful germany on borders of soviet controlled east europe.
within a week, warsaw pact formed.

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15
Q

hydrogen bomb

A

made by usa in 1952
1000x stronger than atom bomb
1953 - USSR make one

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15
Q

ICBM

A

1957 - us have icbm
months later, ussr testing icbms

icbm range: 4500km

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15
Q

When did eisenhower become pres

A

1953

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15
Q

when did khruschev become ru;er

A

1956

3 years after stalin death 1953

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16
Q

what did nagy do

A

held talks w/ USSR - resulted in tanks withdrawal from hungary

30 oct 1956 - released political prisoners
next day he published reforms:
free elections, trade links with west, freedom of press, speech and worship

also intended to withdraw hungary from warsaw pact.
asked UN to conisder hungary disputes w/ USSR

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16
Q

response to the hungarian uprising

A

4th nov:
200000 troops, 6000 tanks returned to hungary

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16
Q

what did US secretary off state say to nagy

A

you can count on us

he thought theyd help him if he needed it

however this was notthe case

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16
Q

Why was nagy brought into power

A

1956 - people began to protest about lack of political freedom, fuel shortage and poor harvest

october - riots in capital. soviet troops restored order and nagy brought into power

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17
Q

what happened to nagy

A

prosmised safe passage by kadar, but he was kidnapped
july 1959 - nagy executed

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17
Q

impact of hungarian uprising

A

About 200,000 refugees fled to the West.
Nagy was tricked into leaving his refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy and was hanged in Budapest in 1958.
Kádár, a
communist
, ruled until 1988. He was loyal to Moscow but he allowed some freedom of discussion.
Hungary was placed under strict communist control.
In Eastern Europe, there was the realisation that the USSR would not tolerate anyone attempting to break free from the
Warsaw Pact
. They also accepted that even if they remained loyal to communism it had to be on the USSR’s terms.
Events in Hungary were a clear warning to the other countries within the Soviet
sphere of influence
not to attempt any move towards independence.

us criticised for no action
teniosn icnrease
communsim looked worse

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17
Q

casualties from the hunagrian uprising

A

7000 soviet troops dead
20000 rebel casualties
200000 hungarians fled

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17
Q

what was brain drain

A

skilled workers leaving east germany
theyleft for better salaries, more freedom and quality of life

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18
Q

how may east germans crossed border by 1958

A

by 1958, 3m east germancs

18
Q

when khrushchv asked for western contires to recognise eastgermanY?

A

nov 1958

18
Q

berlin ultimatum

A

27 nov

ultimatum demanded:
demilitarisation of berlin and western troops withdrawal from there
berlin become free city

west had 6monthsto make changes or control of all routes into berlin given to gov of east germany

18
Q

geneva

A

may 1959:

proposals on how berlin should be governed.
no agreement
invitation to USA by eisenhower

18
Q

camp david

A

sep 1959:

no agreement.
USSR withdrew ultimatum.
appeared like better relations

18
Q

Paris

A

may 1960:

1 may: USSR shot down US U2 Spy plane over USSR land

there were no talks in paris as a result

19
Q

Vienna

A

June 1961:

No agreement reached.
Strained relationship between Kennedy and Khrushchev

after vienna: kennedy increase spending on armed forces by 2bn

19
Q

side effect of talks between berlins future

A

more east germans crossed border

on one day in aug 1961, 40000 east germans crossed to west

19
Q

Building the Berlin Wall

A

night of 12 aug 1961, barbed wire fence built between east and west berlin

work on a concrete wall stretching 165km began

19
Q

Negative impacts of the wall on US

A

border closed without them being consulted.

people wanting to escape communism couldnt anymore

20
Q

Negative impacts of wall on USSR

A

plans of uniting germany under soviet control abandoned

wall showed that people preferred capitalism over communism

21
Q

Positive outcomes of the wall on USSR

A

stopped skilled workers leaving east berlin

sent a message - communism would survive in berlin. any attempt to reunite germnay under western control would fail

21
Q

Positive outcomes of wall on US

A

showed khrushchev had been forced to accept western control of west berlin

west berlin became emblem of freedom and defiance against communism

22
Q

cuban revolution

A

jan 1959 - pro US gov in cuba overthrown by fidel castro.

23
Q

three areas of tension in the aftermath of the revolution

A

Cuba had to follow guidelines set by International Monetary Fund
May 1959 - Castro takes over all land owned by foreign nationals.
Castro appointed communists to his government. Most notably, in Feb 1960, he made an agreement with USSR for economic aid. A secret clause allowed Cuba to receive arms from USSR.

24
Q

what caused cuban missile crisis

A

14 oct 1962 - u2 spy plane finds launch pads for missiles on cuba. intelligence shows soviet ships are carrying missiles to cuba.

25
Q

reasons why khrushcev wanted missiles on cuba

A

NATO had missiles in turkey.
khrushcev wanted to restore prestige.
khruschev feared government attack

26
Q

Why was keneedy forced to take action

A

upcoming elections - no action meant his party would do bad
huge blow to nation pride if no acion
khruschev woul be emboldened and ty push kenedy around in negotitations

27
Q

ExComm

A

16 Oct - excomm called to discuss what they should do.

22 oct - they decide to blockade cuba

24 oct - soviet ships reach blockade and turn around

28
Q

telegrams sent between khruschev and kennedy CMC

A

26 oct - khruschev sends telegram agreeing to remove missiles from cuba ifamericans didnt invae cuba

27 oct - another tlegram. khruschev would only remove missiles from cuba if missiles in turkey removed.

Kennedy accepted first telegram. his borther would meet soviet ambassador and agree to remove turkish missiles.

29
Q

consequences CMC

A

june 1963 - hotline formed between washington and moscow. allowed quick communication between the leaders in cases of emergency

aug 1963 - Test ban treaty signed by ussr, gb, us. prohibited testing of nukes in space, underwater or in atmosphere.

1967 - outer space treaty signed. us and ussr agreed not to use space for military purposes. ncuelar weapons were not alloed to be put into orbit.

1968 - nuclear non-proliferation treaty. sharing nuclear tech with othercountries was prohibited by those who signed the treaty.

30
Q

opposition to soviet control in cezhosclovika

A

1948 - coup establishes pro soviet gov under klement gottwald.

czech people life hard:
secret police maintina control
economy run for benefit of ussr
few consumer goods
no freedom of speech
lots of censoring of news
purges between 1949 and 1954
low standard of living, lack of freedom

culminated in student demonstrations 1966

31
Q

Dubcek

A

1968 - dubcek elected first secretary of communist party

he was committed to arsaw pact, devoted communist, believed it was right path

wanted ‘socialism with a human face’

thought citizens should enjoy life, express opinions without being punished

32
Q

Dubcek reforms

A

censorship relaxed, criticism of gov actions allowed
trade unions given wider powers, gov control of industry reduced
more power given to czech regional govs
trade w/ west increase
czech peole given greater freedom to travel abroad

33
Q

soviet invasion chezcholovkaia

A

20 aug 1969 - 500k warsaw pact troops invade czeckslovkai.

34
Q

what happened to dubcek after invasion

A

arrested, sent to moscow, ordered to reverse reforms

1969 - dismissed, replaced by gustav husak.

husak indrocudeced clampdown - over 1k czechs arrested

for next 20yrs cezchoslovakia firmly under approved communist rule

35
Q

Brezhnev doctrine

A

26 sep 1968 - pravda sets out speech that will become known as brezhnev doctrine

it said: actions of any individual communist country affected all communist countries. if one country actions threatne other country, duty of the countries to stop the actions.

36
Q

impactof prague spring on relations between other communis ountries in europe

A

strained relationship between moscow and yugoslavia and romania
communist parties of italy and france cut links to moscow
govs of east germnay and poland welcomed the actions - they flet more secure now
greater control of warsaw pact, reinforced by brezhnev doctrine

37
Q

impact of prage sring on relations between us and ussr

A

us and other western countries outrage - condemned invasion

attempt to pass formal resolution condemning invasion, but vetod by ussr

ussr saw usa would do no direct action to oppose ussr in east europe

38
Q

impact of prague spring on us international reputation

A

countries saw us keen to condemn, not keen to take action

us was currently in costly war in vietnam and starting to adopt policy of detente

39
Q

detente

A

period of relaxation of tensions

occured following CMC

leaders saw that even if they didnt want to go to war, they could very easily by accident

this could lead to nuclear war which was MAD (mutually assured destruction)

leaders both didnt want to destroy their countries

40
Q

ongoing arms race

A

1957 - usa make icbm
months later, ussr have icbm

1960 - usa make slbm. 1968, ussr have slbm.

ussr make abm in 1968, usa have it 1972

41
Q

why did us follow policy of detente

A

1968 - nixon becomes pres. wanted to take us out of vietname war, which cost $bns + 60k american soldier death

also large scale protests in us, some due to war and some to social issues. 1968 - mass riots following MLK death

policy of detente allowed us to spend less on weapons and more to solve social issues

42
Q

why did ussr follow policy of detente

A

had economic prolems
needed to devote more resources to improve lviing standards and updating economy

they felt they didnt need to spend money in an arms race as they felt tqual to the US in nuclear weapon capability. also vietnam war showed us werent unbeatable

43
Q

SALT 1

A

signed may 1972

stated:
ABMs allowed at 2 sites, each site max 100 missiles
Interim treaty restricted numbers of ICBMs and SLBMS:
US - 1054 ICBM, 740 SLBM
USSR - 1618 ICBM, 740 SLBM
USSR had more ICBM as US have more strateigc bomber
Basic principles agreement laid rules for conduct of nucklear warfare (eg no nukes on seabed) both countries had to avoid war at all costs.

44
Q

impact of salt 1

A

better terms between us and ussr

nixon visited brezhnev shortly after signing salt 1
1973 - brezhnev goes washingotn
1974 - negotitations begin for salt 2

45
Q

weaknesses SALT 1

A

signing a piece of paper wouldnt stop war
didnt cover latest tech developments (MIRVS)

46
Q

Helsinki accords

A

in 1973, 33 nations from NATO n Warsaw Pact met.
aug 1975 - announced theyd agreed in 3 areas
these were the baskets

47
Q

Basket 1

A

first time the borders between east and west germany and of soviet controlled countries formally accepted

these borders are inviolable, cant be altered by force

48
Q

Basket 2

A

better relations between us and ussr

trade agreements made
tech exchanges
joint space mission - apollo soyuz mission 1975

49
Q

Basket 3

A

humans right would be respected
there will be individual freedoms - free spech, religion and movement

50
Q

soviet and us opinion on baskets

A

Soviets happy with 1 and 2 - recognition of borders and boost to ussr economy
some US politicnas not hapy with them

US liked basket 3
USSR didnt, worried organisations would be made to monitor soviet policies in satellite states

51
Q

SALT 2

A

18 june 1979: SALT 2 signed
restrictions on missile lanchers + strategic bombers, and ban on testing/deploying new types of ICBM

52
Q

why did relations worsen between us and ussr

A

growing belief soviets couldnt be trusted. increase in soviet support in many countries, some felt any agreement with ussr was sign of weakness.
Nov 1979 - islamic militants capture amiercan embassy in iran, 60 ppl hostage for 444 days. ppl wanted return of us dominance as result
people in us gov wanted strnger stance against soviets
dec 1979 - ussr invasion of AFG

53
Q

what ended up happening to salt 2 after invasion of AFG

A

withdrawn from senate

54
Q

why was USSR interested in AFG

A

1979: shah deposed, muslim fundameltalists form a gov in iran.
AFG now a buffer - ussr had to prevent muslim fundamentalism spreading into it, therefore there had to be pro soviet gov in AFG

55
Q

build up to invasion of AFG

A

april 1978: pro soviet gov takes control in afg. received economic assistance from moscow.
toppled in sep 1979 when hafizullah amin staged a coup. at first amin supported by ussr, but his gov became unpopular as other proMuslim factions tried to overthrow him.

when brezhnev heard amin talking to USA, he decided to act

56
Q

the invasion

A

24 sep 1979: ussr invade afg under claims they invited by amin to support the gov against terrorists.

amin assassinated 27 dec and replaced by pro soviet babrak kamal.

soviets stayed in afg for 10 years fighting opponents of kamal.

57
Q

who aided mujahideen

A

USA

gave them weapons and bns of dollars

58
Q

cost for ussr of afg war

A

8bn a year
15000 soviet troops killed

59
Q

civilian casualties afg

A

up to 1.5m civ deaths

60
Q

what did us do following afg invasion

A

withdraw salt 2 from senate
increase spending on arms
carter doctrine - will use force to protect us interests in persian gulf, if necessary
economic sanction on ussr
aided mujahideen

61
Q

impact of invasion on us-ussr relations

A

end of detente

1980: reagan wins landslide victory after arguing us has to regain its position on world stage and stand up to communism

62
Q

Olympic boycotts

A

usa led boycott of 1980 olymics in moscow
over 60 nations supported the us boycott

ussr boycotted 1984 LA olympics - 15 communist countries supported it

63
Q

Reagan policies

A

1983: he calls ussr ‘evil empire’ and the us forces of ‘good’

persuaded congress to boost arms spending. 1982, 13% increase. 8% increase in 1983 and 1984.
new weapons (trident submarines, stealth bombers made)

reagan doctrine - us gov will support anti communist govs and govs trying to topple communist govs. US support given to insurgent groups in el salvador and nicaragua. also invaded grenada and toppled communist gov there.

64
Q

SDI

A

1983 - SDI announced

was a series of satellites that shot lasers on missiles. was against terms of 1967 outer space treaty.

it wasnt even ready yet - didnt work.

soviets were shocked - al their missiles redundant. would cost a lot to even start creating their own version.

65
Q

problems facing ussr whne gorbachev came to power

A

March 1985: gorbachev now leader.

problems:
lots of psending on arms. investment in soviet economy low. barely any indutrial growth. low standards of living. lack of human rights. (in poland - trade union ‘solidarity’ got so popular it had to be banned). 1981 - authorities declared martial law.
opposition to communist rule kept in check by secret police (stasi in E.ger, securitate in romania)
poor leadership

66
Q

Gorbachev reforms

A

perestroika - reform of soviet state and economy. more inclusion of capitalism.
glasnost - policy of openness. freedom to express opinions or criticise communist gov, but not leader.
Brezhnev doctrine dropped - no more interference in dometic affairs of other communist countries.
reduced spending on arms and defence and withdrawal from AFG.

67
Q

result of gorbachev reform on us-ussr relations

A

relations got better

68
Q

Geneva summit

A

nov 1985

before geneva summit, old hardliner foreign minister andrei gromyko replaced by eduard shevardnadze.

no formal agreement made at summit, but relations increase

69
Q

washington summit

A

december 1987

INF treaty - all land based missiles with a 500-5500km range abolished.

69
Q

rejkjavik summit

A

oct 1986

gorbachev proposed phasing out nukes if us gave up SDI

he was worried about danger of nukes following chernobyl disaster april 1986

no agreement - us did not accept. relations increased.

70
Q

how czechoslovakia lost comm rule

A

nov 1989

velvet revolution overthrows comm gov. anti comm Vaclav Havel elected president.

70
Q

how poland lost communist rule

A

june 1989

Solidarity legalised, wins landslide victory in elections

70
Q

malta summit

A

1989

no new agreements. both states saw this meeting as ending of cold war

71
Q

moscow summit

A

1988

complex detail in inf treaty resolved.

later in the year gorbachev goes to usa and made speech at UN annoucning reduction in warsaw pact troops and withdrawal of forces from afg

72
Q

how east ger lost communist rule

A

sep 1989

lots of e.germans leave for west thru hungary to austria. 11 sep - 125000 e.germans cross border

oct 1989

gorbachev refuses to help e.ger gov put down demonstartions.

nov 1989

e.ger gov announces crossing to west berlin will open.
fall of berlin wall

east and west germany formally reunited 1990

73
Q

ho hungary lost communist rule

A

may 1989

fence along border with austria taken down.

the gov promises democracy and free elections held october

74
Q

how romania lost comm rule

A

dec 1989

demonstartions against comm gov.

comm leader Ceausescu overthrown n executed

75
Q

how bulgaria lost comm rule

A

dec 1989

comm leader peter mladenov resign on live tv.
free election held next year.

75
Q

how yugoslavia lost comm rule

A

dec 1990

slovenians vote to be independent.
yugoslavia breaks up as croatia, serbia, montenegro, bosnia-herzegovina, kosovo and macedonia all declare independece in 1990s

76
Q
A

history (3 decks)

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