henry and the ministers Flashcards
cromwell early life
joined french army - fought against spanish at garigliano in dec 1503.
after the battle (crushing loss), he deserted the army and went to florence.
he rose up in house of francesco frescobaldi. he was in city at heart of renaissance.
later he became cloth merchant in antwerp, where he developed trading knowledge and made key contacts.
1514 - return to eng. developed thriving legal practice
cromwell service to wolsey
entered wolseys household.
by 1519 - was member of wolsey council. 1529 - wolsey most trusted adviser.
how did cromwell make a name for hmself in henry court
took on increasingly high profile legal cases in star chamber
wolsey frequently sent him to deliver news to king
1523 - he became an MP
how did cromwell help wolsey further
mid 1520s - organised closure of 30 small monasteries to fund wolseys projects
cromwell personality
warm, charming, witty, interesting
according to eustace chapuys, spanish ambassador to charles V, he used his personality to win ppl over.
was caring and loyal - defended wolsey when all others had deserted him
initial problems from wolsey death
wolsey dramatic fall from power in 1529 made him worry
without wolsey he had no formal position in gov
as wolsey most senior adviser, he was in danger. attacks against wolsey could be made against him.
election as mp and using it to defend wolsey
became mp for taunton 1529 - used it to speak in wolsey defence.
also defended him in court
when wolsey fell from powr
1529
when cromwell become mp for taunton
1529
cromwell membership of royal council
he impressed henry w/ his loyalty, as well as his skill in managing wolsey legal matters after his death (sorting out what happened to his properties and huge staff).
1531 - cromwell member of royal council.
problems with securing the annulment post-wolsey death
henry asked leading nobles e.g duke of norfolk, suffolk and anne boleyn own father - earl of wiltshire - to look at case - but they all failed.
thomas more - henry new lord chancellor, opposed divorce. his difference in opinion meant he retired in 1932, saying he was too ill to continue.
cromwell plan to secure annulment
1531- cromwell work on the case.
his soultion: power to grant annulment removed from pope to king, parliament will be used to pass law to trasnfer the power
reasons cromwell solution so groundbreaking
he was challenging Pope - representative of God on earth.
he always dealth with these matters.
he was expanding role of parliament dramatically, from being used for taxes to passing the highest laws
secret marraige of henry
25 jan 1533 - thomas cramner, new archbishop of canterbury, performs secret marrage for the couple.
was still illegitimate however
act in restraint of appeals
march 1533 - passed.
stated england was an empire - so not subject to foreign rule, including the pope.
made king supreme head of england so he ruled over every aspect of kingdom. - all powers held by pope now henrys.
he now had right to grant annulment
divorce hearing post act in restraint of appeals
began may 1533 - headed by archbishop cramner.
catherine refused to attend.
23 may:
annunced original papal dispensation invalid.
henry and cath never legally married.
henry secret marraige to anne legal as he was bachelor at the time
celebration following annulemnt
anne boleyn coronation lasted 4 days - she went from greenwich palace to tower of london, accompanied by 300 boats.
triumphantly carried through london under canopy of gold cloth before crowned queen.
anti climax - spetember, she gave birth to girl.
how long was cromwell henry chief misniter
from 1533 to 1540
cromwell titles given 1529 - 32
1529 - becomes mp for taunton
1531 - appointed to royal council
1532 - appointed master of kings jewels
cromwell titles 1533
became henry chief minister
became chancellor of exchequer, a leading role in chancery.
made master of the rolls, a senior position in legal system
cromwell titles 1536 - 1540
1536 - becomes lord privy seal
also awarded title of baron
1540 - becomes lord great chamberlain
also made earl of essex
henry desire for son
henry needed son to prevent civil war follwoing his death - after all his father took power by winning civil war
pope had also drawn up a papal bull saying england was gien to anyone who could take it e.g france or spain.
1516 - cath of ara gives birth to prin mary
sep 1533 - girl born from anne
1534 - miscarraige
1536 - miscarraige
1536 - henry was 45. he was old.
anne suspected adultery
24 april - cromwell investigates rumours of anne adultery.
30 april - mark smeaton arrested and tortured. he confessed to affair w/ queen. further arrests followed.
arrests made for adultery:
mark smeaton, a court musician
sir francis weston, friend of henry and gentleman of privy chamber
sir henry norris, long friend of henry. his groom of the stool.
sir william brereton, gentleman of privy chamber.
annes own brother, george boleyn, diplomat and member of privy chamber
role of cromwell in boleyn death
he looked into her former relationship with henry percy to see if they were secretly engaged - this would mean the marriage was null and void. however, no evidence.
he had lead role in adultery case. personally interrogated mark smeaton.
he thorougly investigated other main suspects n collected evidence against them.
made sure ladies in waiting who served anne were spies reporting everything she said to him.
anne arrest n execution
2 may - she arrested and sent to tower of london.
15 may - tied jointly with her brother before 26 noblemen. her uncle, duke of norfolk, was presiding judge. found guilty, sentenced to death.
17 may - anne n henry marriage annuled.
19 may - anne executed. 1000 ppl watched.
jane seymour marriage heir and death
30 may 1536 - henry and jane marry.
have birth to edward vi 12 oct 1537
succession act
gave henry power to appoint any successor at any time.
passed by parliament.
he could use it to make henry fitzroy, ilegitimate son, heir.
however he died soon after act was passed.
influence of the seymours.
her eldest bro became leading adviser to henry.
jane tried getting king to spare ppl in pilgrimage of grace, but failed.
how cromwell reform royal council
made privy council - made of 20 permanent advisers. most were lawyers and prfessional administtors, rather than untrained nobiity and clergy.
cromwell hoped this stopped 1 person from dominating the council, as all members have same working expericnece.
clerk of privy council also recorded decisions.
problems - royal council
usually dominated by one man e.g wolsey
no rules governinng how meetings should be organised.
decisions not officially recorded.
topics of discussion not recorded.
very few attendeted the meetings even though it had 100 members.
how did cromwell make 1 system of government - his reform
under 1536 act - abolishing franchises and liberties - north came under firm control.
council of the north, royal body set up first in 1472 to improve how north governed, also strengthened. made into permanent institution, given responsibility to maintain law and order.
act of union - passed thru parliament 1536.
wales now part of eng.
eng law replaced welsh law.
wales given represntation in parliament.
wales divided into counties each headed by a JP.
why did kings chamber get reformed
routine tasks bored henry so he rarely got involved.
no formal rules outlining how it shuld be run. accounts not properly kept/checked.
dissolution of moasteries led to dramatic incrs in income, chamber not able to cope.
court of augmentations
made 1536
dealt w/ property and income from dissolution of monasteries.
court of first fruits and tenths
made 1540
collected tax from clergy previously sent to Rome
job of king chamber
managed income and expendiutre of crowns treasruy.
details of the new courts from reform of king chamber
each court received money from specific source, only paid out money for pre approved reasons
each court routinely n carefully checked to make sure acting properly.
each court run by well trained officials.
court moved away from royal household - meant henry didnt have to b as involved.
how did cromwell reform parliament
was previously used to pass laws regarding taation.
cromwell increased laws it passed and what it passed:
203 acts passed 1509-1531, mainly on taxation
333 acts passed 1532-1540, regarding some of most important acts of henrys reign.
he also made it meet more frequently.
house of lords and commons
lords: made up of peers and bishops. represented nobility and chruch
commons: contained 74 county mps, 236 town and borough mps.
made up of wealthy landowners, merchants and royal administratiors.
how did cromwell manage parliament
as king cheif minister, he controlled parliament business, ensuring his proposals put forward and discuess.ed
as elected mp, he guised significant debates personaly.
as skilled lawyer, he drafted many laws.
1532, ppl opposed act of annates. King visited parliament, ppl intimidated into supporting the law.
reasons for henry marraige to cleves
1539 - anne of cleves seemed most suitable 4 henry.
she was gentle, virtuous and obedient
also cleves family wanted her to marry henry
early 1539 - invasion scare. belief FR and HRE planning to invade, fleets gathered in antwerp and boulogne, and army in netherlands.
therefore, political ally needed.
cromwell private reasons for henry and cleve marraige
no catholic queen to oppose changes
queen less likely to be used to attack him as she was foreign
marriage between cleve and henry
marriage negotitations began march 1539
treaty confirming it signed 4 oct 1539
timeline of englands isolation
June 1538 - charles v and francis I meet at nice, 10 year truce signed.
December 1538 - papal bull issued. Henry excommunicated.
Jan 1539 - Francis I and charles V sign pact at Toledo, agree not to enter into agreement w/ england without others consent
Significance of henry and cleves marriage
showed henry and advisers still worried about succession. more sons needed.
cleves wasnt first choice wife - henry reputation tarnished after actions against cath of Ara and Anne bol.
Henry allying w/ small state in europe showed englands isolation.
marraige suggested henry had no desire to reverse break from rome.
Cromwell playedmajor part in this marriage. his future partly depend on this marriage.
failure of marraige
immediate dislike to cleves.
divorce within 6 months.
marraige delayed 2 days.
6 jan 1540 , they marry. henry unable to consummate marriage.
she also wasnt suitable for english court. her education based on household management, not languages, music, dancing etc
henry also fell in love w/ cath how.
also ally not needed, fr and hre relations broke down.
why norfolk hated cromwell
cromell protestant. norfolk catholic.
norfolk believed he shouldnt advise king due to low birth.
norfolk angry when cromwell bcame earl of essex. didnt think commoner should have important title.
how did norfolk relaise he was in position to eliminate norfolk
cromwell pwr faded due to failed marraige (cleves) and because of his religious belief (protestant, hnry still thought of himself as catho)
cath how was noroflk niece. gave him huge influence.
what norfolk did to cause downfall cromwell
early 1540 - cromwell order cath how to spread rumurs crom not putting enuf effort into marrig annulment w/ cleves.
also claims crom wanted to bring protestantism to eng fully, henry opposed this fiercely.
facts about duke of norfolk
Lord of Ireland from 1520
Lord Treasurer from 1524
Earl Marshal from 1533
1513 helped defeat scots at battle of Flodden - was experienced soldier
cromwell retaliation to norfolk
ordered closure of thetford priory in norfolk feb 1540
also tried getting him exiled from court saying he suffered from sweating sickeness
execution of cormwell
10 june 1540 - arrested at privy council meeting on charges of heresy and treason. taken to twr of londn.
his good seized - valued at £7000
29 june - act of attainder passed which condemn him to death. not entitled to trial to clear his name.
28 july 1540 - he is executed.
reaction to cromwell death
cheered by many in eng. many disliked him for dissolution of monasteries and ruthlessness.
religous reformers in eng lost signnificat ally.
catholic europe happy. french king declared it miracle of God
catholic group in court gained more power (esp duke of norofolk)
henry came to regret decision within mnths.
Henry as defender of the faith
1521- published book [In Defence of the Seven Sacraments] - expressed his support for roman catholocism against protestantism. gave him the title defender of the faith.
some differences between roman cath and protestnt
head of church
the job of church
RC: Pope head of church.
P: No pope. Rulers lead and protect churches.
RC: Job of church to deliver 7 sacraments as display of devotion to God.
P: Church job to preach word of God thru Bible. Only three sacramants mentioned in Bible valid: baptism, the Eucharist and penance.
more differences between RC and P
eucharist
languages
RC: During Eucharist, believed bread and wine turn to body and blood of Jesus.
P: Bread and wine dont turn to body and blood. Eucharist is for remembering Jesus.
RC: Church services and Bible in Latin.
P: Services and Bible in English (the country national language).
other differences RC and P
helping the dead
images and statues
RC: Prayers for dead could help people go to heaven. Indulgences also used to help as well.
P: Praying for souls seen as useless. Indulgences seen as corrupt.
RC: Images/Statues of saints worshipped.
P: Images/Statues superstitious.
differences RC P
pilgrimage
priest clothing
RC: Completing pilgrimage seen as a duty and way to gain God’s approval.
P: Pilgrimages waste of time.
RC: Priests had special status, reflected in their ornate clothing -the vestments.
P: Priests were ordinary people. No special clothing.
reasons for henry campaign against cath church
list
succession
Protestant ideas
state of the church
money
Hnery viii and succession
hen main concern by 1529 - divorce cath of ara. needed to becuz he needed a son.
falling in love w/ anne bol and become convinced God disapproved of marraige with cath, he was desperate for divrocece.
Protesttant ideas
anne boleyne, cromwell and thomas cramner were all people who supported protestantism.
may have been influenced by them
1528 - william tyndale published book [Obedience of the Christian Man] - said God intended Kings rule church, not Pope. Henry liked this.
however henry not true protestant. he ws cath as evidenced by his book [In Defence of the 7 Sacraments]
only believed in parts of protestantism that suited him
state of the church
small minority of english people felt let down by church
however, most were happy
reasons:
poor quality of clergy
moral laxity
church immorality
corruption in church courts
state of the church - Richard Hunne
merchant - son died in 1511.
refused to pay high funeral fees
led to him getting sued by local priest and arrested on charges of owning protestant lituerature.
later found dead hanging in his cell.
money - reason for break with rome
henry was involved in lots of expensive wars
needed to get money - extra sources of money
banning of annates to rome show he needed money
however it wasnt much money he got
Act of succession
1534
invalidated marriage to cath of ara.
anne boleyn now the lawful queen.
only children of anne bol were heirs.
princess mary now illegitimate - removed from line of succession
significance act of succesision
changed order of succession
established anne bol position as queen
significant step to break from rome - popes authority was now completely rejected
act of supremacy
1534
formal acknowledgement eng not under pope control
henry now head of church in england.
henry had right to decide:
how eng church organised
central beliefs of eng church
who appoited to key positions in eng church
Cromwell was also appointed Kings Vicegerent - in spiritual matters he could use powers belonging to the King
significance act of supremacy
wasnt too significant
Pope played small part
tended to agree with king on most things
Rome rarely appealed to when diputes brought before church courts
basic teachings of Church well established
Cromwell role in enforcing the acts
Oaths
clause in act of succession reuqired ppl when asked to take oath supporting anne as queen.
refusla means punishment as tratior
this was called Oath of succession
all of engs political and relgious leaders asked to take the oaths
Cromwells role in enforcing the acts
the treason act
1352 Treason act not detailed enough for henrys needs
1534 treason act made - death to anyone denying royal supremacy.
no evidence needed for the death sentence.
dramatically increased state power against internal opponents
Elizabeth Barton
1525 - E.Bar claimed Virgin Mary appeared to her in a vision and cured here.
she entered a convent in Canterbury, where many visited here.
Cramner said: she would enter a trance, her face became disfigured, she spoke without moving her lips, and took a terrifying tone when describing Hell
what things did e bar say that caused trouble for henry
started attacking henrys plans to divorce cath of ara
attacked protestant ideas
spoke about need to burn english translations of Bible and to remain loyal to pope
face to face meeting with King 1532 - warning if hhe married anne boleyn hed die a villains death within a month
E.bar spritiual adviser
Monk called Dr Edward Bocking
1533 - Nun’s Book - collection of Ebar prophecies
he was laso making links with leading opponents of henrys reforms
death of e bar
July 1533 - she arrested, sent to tow of london, interrogated
all 700 copies of Nun’s book destroyed.
23 Nov 1533 - she is publicly humiliated at St Pauls Cross, forced to confess to lying about her visions
21 April 1534 - executed along with Edward Bocking
occured on same day londoners required to take oath of succession
John Fisher
1504 - becomes bishop of Rochester
developed Europe wide reputation as a scholar
1527 - stopped supporting Henry. believed Cath of ara was his lawful wife. opposed split with Rome as powers used by Pope were given to Pope by God. claiming them as his own was a mortal sin
only received a £300 fine as punishment
April 1534 - ordered to take Oath of Succession. he refused.
May 1535 - made cardinal by Pope. June 1535 - executed for treason - henry did this to show Pope who was in control
Thomas More
2 weeks after fisher death, more executed.
was one of europes leading scholars.
made a novel [Utopia] in 1516.
1527 - he criticised Protestantism, believing it threatened souls of eng ppl.
1529 - appointed lord chancellor.
he banned all protestant books, personally hunted and interrogated heretics.
6 ppl burn for protestant beliefs during his chancellorship.
1532 - no longer work 4 henry. resigned, claiming ill health.
April 1534 - ordered to take oath of succession. he reufsed, taken to tower of london. refused to say why he refused.
monasteries before dissolution
800 of them acrosss country
served by 10k monks and nuns
were hearts of the community
nov 1534 - henry head of eng chruch.
1536 - begin of dissolution of monasteries
1540 - all destroyed.
timeline of dissolution of monasteries
1535 - survey on church wealth carried out - Valor Ecclesiasticus
Cromwell also investigaes moral state of monasteries
March 1536 - parliament passes first act of disolution of monasteries
October-Dec 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace
1539 - second act for dissolution of monasteires passed
1538-40 - Voluntary dissolution of larger monasteries
more details o monasteries
owned 1/3 of all land in eng
top 20 houses had income of £1000 per annnum
heads of houses played role in administering local justice - 30 of these heads sat in house of lords and helped advise the king
role of monasteries
children of wealthy often educated by monks and nuns
travellers on long journeyscould use them as safe spot to stay
poor could go there to get food and help
sick ppl treated in hospitals set up by monasteries
monks and nuns pray for souls of dead
monks and nunes produced works of art
monasteries owned 1/3 of land in eng
heads of most important religionus houses helped advise the king
reaso for disolution - cromwell commission 1535
series of investigations carried out 1535 by 6 of cromwell servants
the findings were listed in a doucment - Compendium Competorum. it claimed:
there were homosexuality, pedophillia, priests who had sex, nuns who gave birth.
why were visitations not reliable n accurate
werent thorough - 120 houses were visited in 70 days.
bullying tactics used on monks and nuns.
much more focus on negatives, negatives were exaggerated
only 12 of homosexual acts out of 181 seem to be true
good monasteries
Whalley Abbey in lancashire donated 22% of income to charity, well above avg of 2-3%
reason for dissolution - new religious ideas
growing belief they werent useful
to Protestants, monks and nuns praying for souls of dead and people donating for souls to go to heaven was wrong.
However henry refounded 2 of them in 1537: bisham abbey and nunnery of stixwold.
doubtful he did it because of new religious ideas therefore
reasons for dissolution - loyalty
many religius houses had storng links to rome
fiierece resitance from monsk from split with rome
18 monks resisted act of succession - were executed.
most accepted it however.
reason for dissolution - money
Valor Ecclesiasticus - survey into monastery wealth
1/3 of all land
total income of £160000 a year, 3x the income of royal estates
could be used to finance wars, protect eng, no need to reply on parliament to grant taxation, land from monasteries given as gifts to nobles and gentry for loyalty
process of dissoution
800 monasteries
1st act of dissolutin 1536 - 300 smol monasteries closed (must have under £200 income annum). royal commisioners oversaw the closure.
from 1538 - visitations to large monasteries occured. heads of houses invited to surrender their land. they were forced to do this.
1539 - 2nd act of dissolution confirmed the surrenders of the land
1540 - process complete
winners of dissolution
protestants - powerful symbol of roman catholocism gone
the crown - huge finacial gain
nobles and gentry - bought land
losers of dissolutono
monks nad nunes - lost jobs
communites - lost hospitals
heads of houses given a generous pension but monks and nunes given 1off payment 20-30 shillings.
6.5k out of 8k monks got new job, rest became beggars
nuns became unemployed.
inc in poverty - higher rent, tenants thrown off land for landlords to graze their sheep
Pilgrimage of Grace
autumn 1536 - large rebellion in north
began in linconshire, spread to yorkshire
40000 rebels gathered, headed south.
social reasons for pilgrimage of grace
monastry previded healing for sick, help 4 poor, refuge for travellers.
angered mnay this was under threat
political reasons for pilgrimage of grace
northern nobles felt henry court too much under influence cromwell
disliked cromwell for low birth and reformist views
hoped uprising weakens cromwell and increases their power
religiousreasons for pilgrimage of grace
north mainly catholic - mnay beleived faith under atk
dissoluton of monastry seemed like atk on religion
work of monsk and nuns important for community
fears parish churches were next
economic reasons for pilgrimage of grace
1534 subsidy act still collected 1536. usuallly only raised in artime. was deeply resented as england was at peace.
poor harvest 1535/36 made life harder
commoners complained about rising rent and enclosure
gentry and nobles oposed to 1536 statute of uses - a tax landed on inheritances
features of participants of pilgrimage of grace
wore badges depicting 5 wonds of Christ on the cross
swore a religious oath
marched singing hymns
carried religious banners
restored 16 religious houses
rebellion in lincolnshire
2 Oct - 3000 commoners rose up in rebellion.
4 Oct - leadership of uprising passed to gentry.
4 Oct - Dr Raynes killed by a mob. he was hated chancellor of bishop of lincoln
7 oct - 10k rebels march on lincoln. set of articles drawn up and sent to london.
henry response to lincoshire rebellion
warned extreme punishment if they didnt stop including destruction of all their property.
reached them 10 oct.
henry raised 3k men under duke of suffolk to stop rebellion.
11 oct - rebellion over.
Yorkshire rebellion
oct 1536 - in 3 week, 40k ppl form 9 armies, each led by gentry or noble. one leader was robert aske, who became overall leader.
York welcomed aske and 10k pilgrims 16 oct.
19 oct - hull surrenders after 5 day siege.
21 oct - pontefract castle fell to pilgrims.
Duke of norfolk sent to stop it. he realised he could not beat them in battle so negotiated.
henrys bluff
6 dec - 40 pilgrim representatives met duke of norfolk in doncaster. long talks, accepted king offer. secured promise no more monasteries close until parliament meet.
Aske consequently disbanded the pilgrim army.
negotitatons - pilgrimacge of grace
27 oct - 2 sides meet at doncasrer bridge. 2 pilgrim leaders talk to henry, who demaned 10 ringleaders be handed over 4 punishment.
pontefrat articles compiled - 24 demands set out. henry ordered duke of norfolk to make long term truce, full pardon, and summoning of parliament to discuss the terms in the articles.
crushing the revolt
Jan 1537 - no news on promised parliament.
2 small uprisings took place.
Henry then ordered norfolk to capture ringleaders and excute them - 178 died, inc Aske.
how was henry successful in the negotiatinos with pilgrims
no serious dicussion on pontefract articles
no commitment on when and where parliament is held
terms of agreement not written
promises not intended to be kept by henry, who saw them as traitors.
immediate threat of rebel army stopped.
role of aske
inspirational rebel leader
ensured rebel army well behaved
ruled out fighting king army
set out rebel demands in pontefract articles
negotiated with kings representative, duke of norfolk
trusted henry viii and accepted his promises
role of duke of norfolk
in charge of suppressing revolt
led royal army to the north
didnt use force vs rebel army
met rebels twiceto discuss demands
negotiated key deal seeing rebels disband their army
executed leading rebels
reason for failure of pilgrimage
aske trusted henry
significant of pikgrimage
largest uprising of tudor period
pilgrims well armed and led - if they fought rebel army theyd have won.
forced king into making concessions.
