Superficial Heat and Cold Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bodies normal core temperature?

A

37 Degrees C +/- 1 Degree
Hypothermia=Rectal temp <35 Deg C
Hyperthermia= Rectal temp >38 Deg C

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2
Q

What degree is skin an other peripheral tissues?

A

Slightly less than core temperatures at 32-34 deg C

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3
Q

How do you convert C to F?

A

C=(f-32)x 5/9

F= Cx9/5 +32

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4
Q

What is Heat Exchange between skin and air?

A

Via Evaporation: from skin and respiratory passages

Via Non- Evaporation: Radiation, conduction, and convection

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5
Q

What is Heat Exchange in the Body?

A

Countercurrent exchanged: Cool venous blood from extremities warmed by arterial blood flow from core

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6
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy being transmitted from one surface to another- typically to heat up that surface; ex: sunlight or infrared lighting

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7
Q

What is Conduction?

A

two surfaces together that have different temperatures Ex: Hot pack on someone or cold pack

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8
Q

What is Convection?

A

Two surfaces together that are different temperatures and one surface continually moves across the other
Ex: Air blown by fan; water being moved by tissues via whirlpool

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9
Q

What do physiological effects on local heating depends on?

A

Degree of tissue temperature rises (TTR)
Gradient- greater temp gradient gives greater TTR
Specific heat- higher specific heat= more energy to heat, slower loss
Volume- of tissue exposed
Rate- heat is applied
* If slow transfer, TTR is balanced by blood carrying heat away
* If transfer faster than blood can carry heat away and TTR is too great, pain and burns result

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10
Q

What are the physiological effects of heat?

A
  • Vasodilation (brings in more nutrients, picks up more waste)
  • Increase metabolism ( for every 10 Deg C rise in temp, there is a 2-3 fold increase in the rate of metabolism
  • Pain Relief
  • Decreases Stiffness
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11
Q

What are some additional physiological effects of Heat?

A
  • enhances extensibility of tissue

* reduces muscle spasms/ Decreased strenght

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12
Q

What are some general precautions for Heat?

A
  • Areas of decreased sensation and innervation
  • Areas of decreased circulation
  • treating large volumes of tissues
  • Poor thermal regulation-children and elderly
  • During pregnancy
  • cardiac insufficeincy
  • metal in the area
  • Areas of watery edema- increased risk of burn
  • scars and new skin
  • over areas where topical counterirritants have been recently applied
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13
Q

Contraindications for Heat?

A
  • areas of arterial insufficiency or arterial disease
  • Areas prone to hemorrhage
  • Acute inflammatory site
  • Elevating tissue temperature in area of malignancy
  • Thromnophlebitis
  • Impaired cognitive function
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14
Q

What are hot packs?

A

Heat transferred by conduction (superficial); considered moist heat

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15
Q

How many layers of towels should you use with hot packs?

A

6-10 Layers; always check 5-6 minutes as the heat is reaching max temperature around that time; patient should feel warmth similar to towels fresh out of the dryer

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16
Q

What are some precautions and Contraindications of Heat pads?

A

Precautions:

  • any precautions for use of heat
  • Lying on the packs, especially when treating trunk
  • Heating bony prominences

Contraindications:
* Any condition where heat is contraindicated

17
Q

What are paraffin treatments?

A

Heat transfer by conduction

18
Q

What are indications of paraffin treatment?

A
  • Arthritis
  • Chronic Orthopedic Conditions
  • Joint Stiffness, contractures
  • Scleroderma
19
Q

What are precautions of paraffin treatment?

A
  • Any condition for which heat is to be used with caution
  • Small scratches- should be covered with gauze
  • Scar tissue
20
Q

What are contraindications of Paraffin treatment?

A
  • Any condition in which heat is contraindicated
  • Open wounds
  • Draining lesions
  • Rashes, infection which might be contagious
  • New skin or recent scar tissue
  • Water on skin- can cause a burng
  • Jewelry- can cause a burn
21
Q

How many layers of paraffin treatment should you do?

A

6-10 layers; 10-15 mins until paraffin cools

22
Q

What is the ideal tissue temperature for treatment with Cold treatment?

A

15-25 Deg C (59-77 deg F)

23
Q

What are some methods of cooling or removal of heat from an object?

A

Conduction- cold packs, ice massage, cold towels
Convection- Fan
Evaporation- Vapocoolant spray

24
Q

What are the physiological Effects of Cold Treatment?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Decrease metabolism
  • Pain relief
  • augment muscle contraction
  • Can decrease muscle strength if > 30 mins
25
Q

When can cold treatment be effective?

A

Thought to be most effective 5-10 min after injury, but can still be helpful for up to 72 hours after injury.

26
Q

What are the precautions for Cold therapy?

A
  • Skin sensation which is not normal
  • previous frostbite to area
  • Anesthesia from ice could mask exercise induced pain
  • Prolonged applications
  • Hypertensive patients
  • Packs or ices stored at 0 Deg F or -12 Deg C should not be applied directly to the skin
  • Decreased cognitive level
  • Very old/ very young individuals
  • Over the superficial main branch of a nerve
27
Q

What are the contraindication of Cold therapy?

A
  • Cold hypersensitivity

* Compromised local circulation

28
Q

What kind of sensation should you have with Cold therapy?

A
  • Cold
  • Warm, burning
  • Aching, tingling
  • Numbness
29
Q

How do you use ice massage?

A

3-6 inches in diameter; 5-15 minutes