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OU Human Structure > Superficial Back > Flashcards

Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

Surface Landmarks of Superficial Back

A 
External occipital protuberance
Vertebral prominens (C7)
Fold of trapezius
Spine of Scapula
Medial border of scapula
Intrinsic back muscles
L4 Vertebra
Iliac crest
Posterior superior iliac spines
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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column

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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

Upper limb and pectoral girdle

Lower limb and pectoral girdle

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4
Q

Osteology - Skull

A 
Temporal bone 
    - Mastoid Process
Occipital bone
    - External occipital protuberance
    - Superior nuchal line
    - Inferior nuchal line
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5
Q

Osteology - Vertebral Column

A 
33 vertebrae
Support body weight
Posture
Locomotion
Protection of spinal cord and spinal roots
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6
Q

What is the typical vertebrae composed of?

A 
Body (except C1)
Vertebral Arch
   - Laminae and Pedicles
Processes
   - Spinous (1), Transverse (2), and Articular (4)
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7
Q

Osteology - Clavicle

A

Medial (Sternal) end - SC joint
Lateral (Acromial) end - AC joint (an attachment of trapezius)
Conoid Tubercle - Attachment of coracoclavicular ligament
Groove for Subclavius

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8
Q

What is the only bony attachment to the scapula?

A

Clavicle

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9
Q

Name the superficial back muscle attachments of the scapula

A

Superior angle - levator scapulae
Medial border - rhomboids
Inferior angle - latissimus dorsi
Spine and acromion - trapezius

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10
Q

Osteology of the Humerus

A 
Head
Neck (surgical and anatomical)
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
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11
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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12
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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13
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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14
Q

How many sacral vertebrae?

A

5

Fused into single, immobile structure called the sacrum

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15
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

A

4 (or 3-5)

Fused into a single, immobile structure called the coccyx

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16
Q

3 Vertebral Arch Ligaments

A

Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligaments
Ligamentum Flacum

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17
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

Occipital protuberance to spinous process of C7

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18
Q

Role of Ligamentum nuchae

A

Postural (aids extensors)

Keeps trapezius from bowing during contraction

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19
Q

Thoracolumbar Fascia

A

Deep fascia of the back
Invests the intrinsic back muscles
Separates the intrinsic from the extrinsic muscles

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20
Q

Functions of Intrinsic Muscles

A

Postural

Movement of the Spine

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21
Q

Functions of Extrinsic Muscles

A

Attach pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton

Movement of the humerus

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22
Q

Are the serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Extrinsic

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23
Q

When does innervation of muscles occur?

A

Early in development.

Muscles are innervated by spinal nerves from cord segments where they first began to develop.

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24
Q

Superficial layer of extrinsic muscles

A

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

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25
Q

Deep layer of extrinsic muscles

A

Levator scapula
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

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26
Q

Intermediate back muscles (we still consider these muscles as extrinsic)

A

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

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27
Q

What do dorsal rami innervate?

A

Vertebrae and joins
“True” or intrinsic back muscles
Skin of the back

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28
Q

What do ventral rami innervate?

A

All other skeletal muscle

Dermatome Segements

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29
Q

Origin of the Trapezius

A

External occipital protuberance
Ligamentum nuchae
Spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae

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30
Q

Insertion of the Trapezius

A

Spine of scapula
Acromion process
Lateral third of clavicle

31
Q

Innervation of Trapezius

A

Spinal branch of the Accessory Neve (CN 11)

32
Q

Movements of Trapezius

A

The fibers of this large muscle are oriented in three directions; thus multiple movements.
Elevation of scapula
Retraction of scapula
Depression of the scapula

33
Q

The spinal portion of CN XI is comprised of:

A

motor fibers from the ventral rami of the C2-C6 spinal cord segments

34
Q

What foramen does CN XI use to enter the cranium?

A

Foramen Magnum

35
Q

What foramen does CN XI use to exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen along with CN IX and X

36
Q

Where can you find CN XI in dissection?

A

Midpoint of the posterior border of the SCM as it passes posteroinferiorly

37
Q

Origin of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Spinous processes of T7-12 vertebrae
Inferior portion of ribs 9-12
Thoracolumbar fascia
Posteromedial half of the iliac crest

38
Q

Insertion of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Medial floor of the intertubercular groove (on anterior surface of the humerus)

39
Q

Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, 7, 8) - branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

40
Q

Movements of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Extension of the arm
Adduction of the upper limb
Internal (medial) rotation of the arm
Moves trunk forward when the humerus is fixed

41
Q

Intertubercular groove

A

Tendon long head of biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Teres major

42
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve

A

Ventral rami C6, 7, 8
Innervates Latissimus
Located on the deep side of the latissimus
Will enter the muscle in the middle of the muscle belly

43
Q

Origin of Levator Scapulae

A

Transverse processes of C1-C4

44
Q

Insertion of Levator Scapulae

A

Superior angle of the scapula

45
Q

Innervation of Levator Scapulae

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5) - branch of the C5 ventral rami

46
Q

Movements of Levator Scapulae

A

Elevation of the scapula

Rotation of the glenohumeral joint

47
Q

Origin of Rhomboid Minor

A

Spinous processes of C7-T1

Ligamentum nuchae

48
Q

Insertion of Rhomboid Minor

A

Medial border of scapula at (maybe a little above) the spine

49
Q

Innervation of Rhomboid Minor

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)

50
Q

Movements of Rhomboid Minor

A

Retraction

Rotation

51
Q

Origin of Rhomboid Major

A

Spinous processes of T2-T5

52
Q

Insertion of Rhomboid Major

A

Medial border of scapula below the spine

53
Q

Innervation of Rhomboid Major

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)

54
Q

Movement of Rhomboid Major

A

Retraction

Rotation

55
Q

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

A

C5 ventral ramus

Innervates levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major

56
Q

Functions of Serratus Posterior Muscles (superior and inferior)

A

Attach vertebrae to ribs

Aid in respiration

57
Q

Attachment of SP Superior

A

From - nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 to T3 vertebrae
To - 2nd and 4th ribs

58
Q

Innervation of SP Superior

A

T2 to T5 intercostal nerves

59
Q

Vascular Supply of SP Superior

A

T2 to T5 posterior intercostal arteries

60
Q

Attachment of SP Inferior

A

From - spinous processes of T11 to L2 vertebrae

To - 8th to 12th rib

61
Q

Innervation of SP Inferior

A

T9 to T12 intercostal nerves

62
Q

Vascular Supply of SP Inferior

A

T9 to T11 posterior intercostal arteries

T12 subcostal artery

63
Q

The trapezius, levator scapulae, and the rhomboids are vascularized by branches of the ______ trunk

A

Thyrocervical trunk

64
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Transverse Cervical artery
Suprascapular artery

65
Q

The transverse cervical artery divides into:

A

superficial and deep branch

66
Q

The superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery vascularizes:

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

67
Q

The deep branch of the transverse cervical artery vascularizes:

A

levator scapula

rhomboid muscles

68
Q

Describe the variation in vasculature of the Thyrocervical trunk/Subclavian

A

In approx. 70% of individuals, an artery named the dorsal scapular artery is a direct branch off the subclavian artery that vascularizes the levator scapula and rhomboids
In approx. 30% of individuals, the deep branch of the transverse cervical is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk

69
Q

Vascularization of Trapezius

A

Superficial branch of transverse cervical (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
Artery runs deep to the muscle with CN XI

70
Q

Vascularization of the Deep layer of extrinsic muscles (rhomboids and levator scapulae)

A

Dorsal scapular artery or deep branch of transverse cervical

See slides for vasculature variation

71
Q

The axillary artery gives rise to the ____ artery

A

suscapular artery

72
Q

The subscapular artery divides into the ____ and _____ arteries

A

Circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries

73
Q

Thoracodorsal Artery

A

Continuation of the subscapular branch of axillary artery
Supplies latissimus dorsi
Travels with thoracodorsal nerve

74
Q

Superficial Back Anastamoses

A

Dorsal scapular artery
Suprascapular artery
Subscapular artery (thoracodorsal artery)

OU Human Structure (7 decks)

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