Summer Supplement Flashcards
Slide Set 1
What makes cell biology reductionist?
Studying parts helps understand the whole
Discovery of cells stems from the inventions of..?
The microscope by Robert Hooke
Cell theory was articulated in ________ by _______.
mid-1800s (Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow)
Cell theory
Living things are made of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are cultured cells?
Cells that are grown and reproduce for extended periods (cultured cells are important for cell biology)
Example of cultured cells
HeLa cells (isolated from a tumor from a cancer patient in 1951 and still cultured today)
Prokaryotes include…
Bacteria and archea that arose ~3.7 billion years ago
Eukaryotes include…
Protists, animals, plants, and fungi
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes can be differentiated by…
Their size and different type of organelles
What is a chemoautotroph?
Organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy
The first prokaryote appeared _____ years ago. The first unicellular Eukaryote appeared _____ years ago.
~3900 - 2500 million and 1850 million years ago (Prokaryotes gave rise to eukaryotes)
What are the major divisions of life?
Bacteria, archea, eukaryotes
What is endosymbiont theory?
Organelles in eukaryotic cells evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells upon unsuccessful consumption (mitochondria and chloroplasts)
Types of prokaryotic cells include…
Archea (methanogens, halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles) and Bacteria
What are the smallest known cells?
Mycoplasma
What are cyanobacteria?
Photosynthetic bacteria that give rise to green plants and an oxygen-rich atmosphere
What is nitrogen fixation?
Chemical process that turns molecular nitrogen into ammonia or other nitrogen compounds (some bacteria are capable of doing this)
What is Vorticella?
Complex ciliated protist with contractile ribbon in the stalk and a large macronucleus (example of how unicellular eukaryotes are complex)
What is “differentiation” in terms of cell specialization?
A step in embryonic development where cells develop different arrangements and organelles in order to serve a specific function in the organism (despite differentiation, the cells will still have many common features)
What are the most abundant atoms in organic molecules?
CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen) –> In order of most to least abundant
What are the valences for each of the atoms in organic molecules?
C - 4, H - 1, O - 2, N - 3
Subunits create macromolecules with what type of bonding?
Covalent bonding
Macromolecules, in order to undergo macromolecular assembly, associate with what type of bonding?
Noncovalent bonding
What are the types of noncovalent bonds?
Ionic bonding, Hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals interactions
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction between 2 ions (charged molecules) Weakened by water and significant between large, biological molecules. Negative meets positive.
What is hydrogen bonding?
Hydrogen attracts an atom outside of it;s original bond (Usually an electronegative atom, as bonded hydrogens will still have a partial positive charge) Explains how water molecules arrange themselves
What are Van der Waals forces?
Attraction between nonpolar molecules (Occurs due to transient dipole formation - Electrons move in electron clouds meaning charges are constantly moving) Molecules need to be very close togethe to experience this interaction
What are hydrophobic interactions?
Molecules that are hydrophobic, i.e. uncharged molecules, don’t like to touch hydrogen bonds, and avoid doing so by “wrapping” themselves up in proteins or other hydrophobic molecules
What is molecular complimentary?
Noncovalent interactions between 2 proteins, or a protein and DNA (Makes biological macromolecules)
What are the 3 interaction determining properties of water?
Assymetric, Does not evaporate easily, Excellent solvent
What does it mean for a molecule to be amphoteric?
The molecule can act as an acid or a base (i.e. water)
What is a buffer and what does it do?
A buffer is a (usually) amphoteric compound, or mixture of 2 compunds (an acid and a base) that helps resist changes to the body’s pH
What is an example of a buffer?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Carbonic acid (H2CO3) –> Buffer for blood
What are the 4 types of macromolecules? What are their monomers?
Carbohydrates (sugars), Proteins (amino acids), Lipids (fatty acids), Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
