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Biology y10 > Summer exam Y10 > Flashcards

Summer exam Y10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 key factors that effect photosynthesis

A

Light intensity, Temperature and Carbon Dioxide concentration

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 02

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3
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water ——> Glucose + Oxygen

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4
Q

Describe and Explain the effect of temperature on photosynthesis

A

As the temperature increases so does the ROP until it reaches its optimum temperature where the enzyme substrate complex is working at its optimum rate. The temperature can become to high causing the enzyme to denature, which is then when photosynthesis cannot be produced

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5
Q

What is respiration

A

the reverse of photosynthesis, and is used to release energy

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6
Q

What are the 4 key uses of glucose

A

Respiration, Cellulose, Starch, Amino Acids

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7
Q

What is the use of cellulose

A

A molecule made from carbohydrates and it strengthens the cell wall

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8
Q

What is starch

A

Used for storage, it is insoluble so doesn’t effect osmosis, stores for respiration

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9
Q

What is the use of amino acids

A

It builds up into proteins + enzymes

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10
Q

What will happen when carbon dioxide concentration isn’t affecting the rate of photosynthesis on a graph

A

The line will plateau

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11
Q

On a sunny day what is the most common limiting factor

A

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

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12
Q

At what temperature will an enzyme begin to denature

A

greater than 40 degrees

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13
Q

What is the xylem tissue like

A

Made of dead xylem cells, no cell walls at the end of the cells (Form long tubes) This allows water and mineral ions to flow in one direction

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14
Q

What is the phloem tissue like

A

Made of living cells, cell walls have small holes in the end called sieve plates, this allows dissolved sugars to pass through in both directions

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15
Q

What do guard cells do

A

control the opening and closing of stomata

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16
Q

What does the xylem do

A

transports water and nutrients

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17
Q

What does the epirdermis do

A

covers and protects the surface

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18
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do

A

allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in the cells and oxygen to diffuse out of the cell

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19
Q

What is the potometer used for

A

used to show the water uptake of a plant under different conditions

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20
Q

Is Aerobic respiration exothermic or endothermic

A

exothermic reaction

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21
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration

A

Glucose reacts with oxygen, and this reaction transfers energy that cells can use. This energy is vital for everything that goes on in your body

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22
Q

Is aerobic respiration in animal or plant cells

A

It is in both of them

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23
Q

What is the aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water

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24
Q

What is the nucleus used for in respiration

A

Holds genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration

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25
Q

What is mitochondria used for in respiration

A

Contain the enzymes for aerobic respiration

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26
Q

What is the cell membrane used for in respiration

A

Allows gases and water to pass freely into and out of the cell. Controls the passage of other molecules

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27
Q

Where is the site of respiration

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that may cause a disease

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29
Q

Name 4 types of pathogens

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses, protists

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30
Q

Are all bacteria cells harmful

A

Not all

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31
Q

Is a Virus a cell, and are they all harmful

A

All viruses are harmful and it is not a cell

32
Q

What is the name of the loop of DNA in a bacteria cell

A

Nucleoid

33
Q

What is the name of the tail on a bacteria cell which helps it waft along

A

Flagellum

34
Q

Name what is in a bacteria cell

A

Plasmids, Ribosomes, Nucleoid, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Flagellum, Cell Wall

35
Q

What makes up the genetic code inside a virus

A

A Genome

36
Q

Name the different parts located on a virus

A

Genome, Protein Capsid, Spikes, Lipid envelope

37
Q

How does skin protect you against disease

A

The skin prevents bacteria and viruses from entering the tissue, The platelets will form a scab if your skin is cut to stope pathogens from entering the body

38
Q

How does the stomach prevent you from disease

A

The hydrochloric acid which is built up in your stomach destroys microorganisms which you swallow

39
Q

How does the trachea prevent you from disease

A

The trachea secretes mucus which traps the pathogens in the air.

40
Q

How does vaccine work

A

The pathogen is the main target of the white blood cell which will engulf and kill the pathogen. The white blood cells produce antibodies which will target a specific pathogen and kill it, a unique and different pathogen is needed for every pathogen. Finally, antitoxins are produced which counteracts the toxins which are produced by the pathogen

41
Q

What is the order in which a vaccine works

A
  1. A vaccine contains a dead or attenuated pathogen and it enters your body.
  2. The dead or attenuated pathogen stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies.
  3. The white blood cells that produce these antibodies remain in the blood, these are memory cells.
  4. If the body is re-infected these memory cells will recognise the antigens.
  5. The white blood cells are now able to produce antibodies quicker now.
  6. The pathogen is destroyed before it has a chance to make you ill.
42
Q

what is a placebo

A

a replica of a drug with no active ingredients

43
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

The doctor nor the patient know who is receiving the placebo

44
Q

what is the placebo effect

A

something with no therapeutic effect makes someone better

45
Q

Give reasons why a placebo and a double blind trial were used

A

A placebo is used to gain the psychologic effect of taking a drug
A double blind trial test is used to avoid biased results

46
Q

what is the dosage of a drug

A

the strength of the drug that should be administrated

47
Q

what is efficacy of a drug

A

How effective a drug is

48
Q

what is a tumour cell

A

a cell divided but does not make antibodies

49
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

makes specific antibodies but cannot divide

50
Q

what is a hybridoma cell

A

cell divides and makes antibodies

51
Q

what do monoclonal antibodies do

A

they trigger white blood cells which destroy cancer cells, due to them carrying toxic drugs, these toxic drugs bind on to kill the cells and stop them growing

52
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants

53
Q

how does bacteria cause disease

A

Once inside the body they divide rapidly, they kill cells and cause harmful toxins

54
Q

give three ways pathogens can be spread

A
  1. by air
  2. by water
  3. by direct contact
55
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

a plant pathogen that can cause leaf discolouration when cells are damaged

56
Q

what is rose black spot

A

a fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves

57
Q

what is malaria

A

a disease caused by protist pathogens, the disease is carried by mosquitoes

58
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body, but do not kill human cells

59
Q

what plant is the heart drug digitalis from

A

foxglove

60
Q

what painkiller originates from willow bark

A

aspirin

61
Q

what antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Flemming

A

penicillin

62
Q

what is a monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies that are clones from one parent cell
specific to one type of antigen

63
Q

what is genetic variation

A

produces phenotypic variation

64
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

involves the production of gametes by meiosis
a gamete from each parent fuses to form a zygote

65
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells
haploid

66
Q

what is meiosis

A

form of cell division involved in the formation of gametes, chromosome number is halved, involves two division.

67
Q

what happens during the second stage of meiosis

A

chromosomes line up along the cell equator, the chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell, four unique haploid gametes are produced

68
Q

what is a genome

A

the entire genetic material of an organism

69
Q

what must occur prior to meiosis

A

copies of genetic information are made during this process

70
Q

what happens during the first stage and meiosis

A

chromosome pairs line up along the cell equator, the pair of chromosomes are separated and move to the opposite poles of the cell and the chromosome number is halved

71
Q

why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction

A

it increases genetic variation, and it ensures that the zygote formed at fertilisation is diploid

72
Q

what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

two parents are required and more time and energy is required

73
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

it creates genetic variation in offspring and natural selection can be speeded up by humans

74
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent is required, lots of offspring can be produced, and requires less energy and tine

75
Q

what is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic variation

76
Q

what is protein synthesis the formation of a protein from a gene

A

the formation of a protein from a gene

Biology y10 (4 decks)

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