Summer exam Y10 Flashcards
What are the 3 key factors that effect photosynthesis
Light intensity, Temperature and Carbon Dioxide concentration
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 02
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water ——> Glucose + Oxygen
Describe and Explain the effect of temperature on photosynthesis
As the temperature increases so does the ROP until it reaches its optimum temperature where the enzyme substrate complex is working at its optimum rate. The temperature can become to high causing the enzyme to denature, which is then when photosynthesis cannot be produced
What is respiration
the reverse of photosynthesis, and is used to release energy
What are the 4 key uses of glucose
Respiration, Cellulose, Starch, Amino Acids
What is the use of cellulose
A molecule made from carbohydrates and it strengthens the cell wall
What is starch
Used for storage, it is insoluble so doesn’t effect osmosis, stores for respiration
What is the use of amino acids
It builds up into proteins + enzymes
What will happen when carbon dioxide concentration isn’t affecting the rate of photosynthesis on a graph
The line will plateau
On a sunny day what is the most common limiting factor
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
At what temperature will an enzyme begin to denature
greater than 40 degrees
What is the xylem tissue like
Made of dead xylem cells, no cell walls at the end of the cells (Form long tubes) This allows water and mineral ions to flow in one direction
What is the phloem tissue like
Made of living cells, cell walls have small holes in the end called sieve plates, this allows dissolved sugars to pass through in both directions
What do guard cells do
control the opening and closing of stomata
What does the xylem do
transports water and nutrients
What does the epirdermis do
covers and protects the surface
What does the spongy mesophyll do
allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in the cells and oxygen to diffuse out of the cell
What is the potometer used for
used to show the water uptake of a plant under different conditions
Is Aerobic respiration exothermic or endothermic
exothermic reaction
What happens during aerobic respiration
Glucose reacts with oxygen, and this reaction transfers energy that cells can use. This energy is vital for everything that goes on in your body
Is aerobic respiration in animal or plant cells
It is in both of them
What is the aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water
What is the nucleus used for in respiration
Holds genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration
What is mitochondria used for in respiration
Contain the enzymes for aerobic respiration
What is the cell membrane used for in respiration
Allows gases and water to pass freely into and out of the cell. Controls the passage of other molecules
Where is the site of respiration
Mitochondria
What is a pathogen
A microorganism that may cause a disease
Name 4 types of pathogens
Fungi, bacteria, viruses, protists
Are all bacteria cells harmful
Not all
Is a Virus a cell, and are they all harmful
All viruses are harmful and it is not a cell
What is the name of the loop of DNA in a bacteria cell
Nucleoid
What is the name of the tail on a bacteria cell which helps it waft along
Flagellum
Name what is in a bacteria cell
Plasmids, Ribosomes, Nucleoid, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Flagellum, Cell Wall
What makes up the genetic code inside a virus
A Genome
Name the different parts located on a virus
Genome, Protein Capsid, Spikes, Lipid envelope
How does skin protect you against disease
The skin prevents bacteria and viruses from entering the tissue, The platelets will form a scab if your skin is cut to stope pathogens from entering the body
How does the stomach prevent you from disease
The hydrochloric acid which is built up in your stomach destroys microorganisms which you swallow
How does the trachea prevent you from disease
The trachea secretes mucus which traps the pathogens in the air.
How does vaccine work
The pathogen is the main target of the white blood cell which will engulf and kill the pathogen. The white blood cells produce antibodies which will target a specific pathogen and kill it, a unique and different pathogen is needed for every pathogen. Finally, antitoxins are produced which counteracts the toxins which are produced by the pathogen
What is the order in which a vaccine works
- A vaccine contains a dead or attenuated pathogen and it enters your body.
- The dead or attenuated pathogen stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies.
- The white blood cells that produce these antibodies remain in the blood, these are memory cells.
- If the body is re-infected these memory cells will recognise the antigens.
- The white blood cells are now able to produce antibodies quicker now.
- The pathogen is destroyed before it has a chance to make you ill.
what is a placebo
a replica of a drug with no active ingredients
what is a double blind trial
The doctor nor the patient know who is receiving the placebo
what is the placebo effect
something with no therapeutic effect makes someone better
Give reasons why a placebo and a double blind trial were used
A placebo is used to gain the psychologic effect of taking a drug
A double blind trial test is used to avoid biased results
what is the dosage of a drug
the strength of the drug that should be administrated
what is efficacy of a drug
How effective a drug is
what is a tumour cell
a cell divided but does not make antibodies
what is a lymphocyte
makes specific antibodies but cannot divide
what is a hybridoma cell
cell divides and makes antibodies
what do monoclonal antibodies do
they trigger white blood cells which destroy cancer cells, due to them carrying toxic drugs, these toxic drugs bind on to kill the cells and stop them growing
what is a communicable disease
a disease caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants
how does bacteria cause disease
Once inside the body they divide rapidly, they kill cells and cause harmful toxins
give three ways pathogens can be spread
- by air
- by water
- by direct contact
what is tobacco mosaic virus
a plant pathogen that can cause leaf discolouration when cells are damaged
what is rose black spot
a fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves
what is malaria
a disease caused by protist pathogens, the disease is carried by mosquitoes
how do antibiotics work
penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body, but do not kill human cells
what plant is the heart drug digitalis from
foxglove
what painkiller originates from willow bark
aspirin
what antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Flemming
penicillin
what is a monoclonal antibodies
antibodies that are clones from one parent cell
specific to one type of antigen
what is genetic variation
produces phenotypic variation
what is sexual reproduction
involves the production of gametes by meiosis
a gamete from each parent fuses to form a zygote
what are gametes
sex cells
haploid
what is meiosis
form of cell division involved in the formation of gametes, chromosome number is halved, involves two division.
what happens during the second stage of meiosis
chromosomes line up along the cell equator, the chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell, four unique haploid gametes are produced
what is a genome
the entire genetic material of an organism
what must occur prior to meiosis
copies of genetic information are made during this process
what happens during the first stage and meiosis
chromosome pairs line up along the cell equator, the pair of chromosomes are separated and move to the opposite poles of the cell and the chromosome number is halved
why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction
it increases genetic variation, and it ensures that the zygote formed at fertilisation is diploid
what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction
two parents are required and more time and energy is required
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction
it creates genetic variation in offspring and natural selection can be speeded up by humans
what are the advantages of asexual reproduction
only one parent is required, lots of offspring can be produced, and requires less energy and tine
what is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction
no genetic variation
what is protein synthesis the formation of a protein from a gene
the formation of a protein from a gene
