Summary Of Nursing Theories Flashcards
defines theory as “a construct that accounts for or organizes some phenomenon. A nursing theory, then, describes or explains nursing.”
Barnum
With the formulation of different theories, concepts, and ideas in nursing it:
It guides nurses in their practice knowing what is
nursing and what is not nursing.
With the formulation of different theories, concepts, and ideas in nursing it:
It helps in the formulations of
standards, policies and laws
With the formulation of different theories, concepts, and ideas in nursing it:
It will help the people to understand the ____ & ___ accountability of nurses.
competencies and professional
With the formulation of different theories, concepts, and ideas in nursing it:
It will help define the role of the nurse in the ___ health care team.
multidisciplinary
What are the metaparadigm
Person
Health
Environment
Nursing
refers to all human beings
are the recipients of nursing care; they include individuals, families, comm unities, and groups.
Person
includes factors that affect individuals internally and externally. It means not only in the everyday surroundings but all setting where nursing care is provided.
Environment
is central to all nursing theories. Definitions of ___ describe what nursing is, what nurses do, and how nurses interact with clients. Most nursing theories address each of the four central concepts implicitly or explicitly
nursing
To develop interpersonal interaction between client and nurse
Hildegard peplau (1952)
Interpersonal theoretical model emphasizing relationship between client and nurse
Hildegard peplau
To deliver nursing care for whole individual
Faye abdellah (1960)
Problem solving based on 21 nursing problems
Faye abdellah (1960)
To help client gain independence as 14 basic needs rapidly as possible
Virginia henderson
To help client and family to cope with and find meaning in experience of illness
Joyce travelbee
Interpersonal theory emphasizing nurse-client relationship
Joyce travelbee
To reduce stress so that client can recover as quickly as possible
Dorothy johnson
Adaptation model based on seven behavioral sub-systems
Dorothy johnson
To help client achieve maximal level of wellness
Martha rogers
“Unitary man” evolving along life process
Martha rogers
To use communication to help client to reestablish positive adaptation to environment
Imogene king
Nursing process as dynamic interpersonal state between nurse and client
Imogene king
To care for and help client to attain self-care
Dorothea orem
Self-care deficit theory
Dorothea orem
To assist individuals, families, and groups to attain and maintain maximal level of total wellness by purposeful interventions
Betty neuman
Systems model of nursing practice having stress reduction as its goal; nursing actions in one of three levels: primary, secondary, or tertiary
Betty neuman
To use conservation activities aimed at optimal use of client’s resources
Myra levine
Adaptation model of human as integrated whole based on “four conservation principles of nursing”
Myra levine
To identify types o demands placed on client and client’s adaptation to them
Sister callista roy
Adaptation model based on four adaptive modes; physiological, psychological, sociological, and independence
Sister callista roy
To promote health, restore clients to health, and prevent illness (Marriner-Tomey, 1989)
Jean watson
Philosophy and science of caring: caring is an interpersonal process comprising interventions that result in meeting human needs (Torres, 1986)
Jean watson
Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory (MRM)
Erickson, Tomlin & Swain
Life Perspective Rhythm Model
Fitzpatrick, Joyce J.
Core, Care and Cure Model
Hall, Lydia E.
Definition of Nursing
Henderson, Virginia
Systems Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment
King, Imogene M.
Theory of Comfort
Kolcaba, Katharine
Transcultural Nursing Model
Leininger, Madeleine
The Conservation Model
Levine, Myra Estrin
Nursing Philosophy
Martinsen, Kari
Maternal Role Attainment
Mercer, Ramona T.
The Neuman Systems Model
Neuman, Betty
Theory of Human Becoming
Parse, Rosemarie Rizzo
Interpersonal Relations Model
Peplau, Hildegard E.
The Science of Unitary Human Beings
Rogers, Martha E.
The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living
Roper, Logan & Tierney
The adaptation model
Roy, Callista
Theory of Caring in Nursing
Watson, Jean
The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing
Wiedenbach, Ernestine
Health as Expanding Consciousness
Neuman, Margaret
(Systemic approach to health care)
Nightingale, Florence
Self-Care Deficit Nursing theory
Orem, Dorothea E.
Nursing Process Theory
Orlando, Ida Jean
Developed and described the first theory of nursing
Florence nightingale
Focused on changing and manipulating environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
Florence nightingale
Florence nightingale
Identified 5 environmental factors:
fresh air
pure water
efficient drainage
cleanliness/sanitation
light/direct sunlight.
___’s environment is manipulated to include appropriate nose, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope.
Client
“Nursing knowledge is distinct from medical knowledge”
Florence nightingale
“Holistic individual and recognized nursing of the sick and nursing of well”
Florence nightingale
“Holistic individual and recognized nursing of the sick and nursing of well”
Florence nightingale
‹ Nightingale’s __ canons, health promotion and spiritual distress identified to her theory
13
” The Legacy of Caring”
“ Notes of Nursing: What it is, What it is not”
“ In nurturing environment, the body could repair itself”
Florence nightingale
“The most important practical lessons that can be given to nurses is to teach them the what ___.
to observe-how-to-observe
If you can not get the habit of observation one way or the other. You had better give up to be a nurse, for it is not your calling however kind and anxious you may be
Florence nightingale
Florence nightingale was Born in ___ in Florence, Italy
May 12, 1820
Institution of Deaconesses at ___ training 3 months studied nursing.
Kaisersworth,
Germany
Crimean war - wounded soldiers
Florence nightingale
School of Nursing at St. Thomas
Hospital in England
Florence nightingale
The First Lady of Nursing,”
Virginia Henderson
“The Nightingale of Modern
Nursing,”
Virginia Henderson
“Modern-Day Mother of Nursing,”
“The 20th Century Florence
Nightingale.”
Virginia Henderson
Introduced The Nature of Nursing Model
Virginia Henderson
• Breathing normally
• Eliminating bondy wadequately
• Moving and maintaining desirable position
• Sleeping and resting
Selecting suitable clothes
Maintaining body temperature within normal range
Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
Avoidin daing in the evironment
• Worshipping according to one’s faith
Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
• Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.
14 basic needs
She postulated that the unique function of the nurse is to assists the clients, sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery, that clients would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.
Virginia Henderson
Believed that nursing involves in assisting the client in gaining independence as rapidly as possible or assisting him achieved peaceful death if recovery is no longer possible.
Virginia Henderson
Virginia Henderson
Individual requiring assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. Mind and body are inseparable.
Person
Virginia Henderson
All external conditions and influences that affect life and development
Environment
Virginia Henderson
Equated with independence, viewed in terms of the client’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided: breathing, eating, drinking, maintaining comfort, sleeping, resting clothing,
maintaining body temperature, ensuring safety, communicating, worshiping, working,
recreation, and continuing development.
Health
Virginia Henderson
Assists and supports the individual in life activities and the attainment of independence
Nursing
Virginia Henderson’s was patterned with?
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
What are the characteristics of Basic Human Needs?
- Needs are universal
- Needs may be met in different ways
- Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factor
- Priorities may be deferred
- Needs are interrelated
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
What are the 2 additional needs by Maslow
Need to Know
Need to understand
Each individual has ____, but certain needs are common to all people
unique characteristics
A need is something that is ____, useful or necessary
Desirable
Human needs are ____ that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health or wellbeing
physiological and psychologic conditions
Oxygen
Fluids
Nutrition
Body Temperature
Elimination
Rest and Sleep
Sex
Physiologic
Physical safety
Psychological safety
The need for shelter and freedom from harm and danger
Safety and security
The need to love and be loved
The need to care and to be care for
The need for affection: to associate or to belong
The need to establish fruitful and meaningful relationships with people, institution, or organization
Love and belonging
Feeling good about one’s self
Self-esteem needs
What are the examples of self esteem needs
Self-worth
Self-identity
Self-respect
Body image
Two factors affecting self esteem
Yourself
Others
SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
Sense of adequacy
Accomplishment
Yourself
SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
Appreciation
Recognition
Admiration
Belongingness
Others
Able to fulfill needs and ambitions and maximizing one’s full potential
Self-actualization
Aesthetic
Beauty
Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing Model
Faye Glenn Abdellah
To maintain good hygiene.
To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep.
To promote safety.
To maintain good body mechanics
To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen
To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
To facilitate maintenance of climination
To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions
To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions
To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions
To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication
To promote the development of productive
interpersonal relationship
To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals
To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs.
To accept the optimum possible goals
To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness.
To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors
21 Nursing Problems
Defined nursing as service to individuals and families
Faye glenn Abdellah
Conceptualized nursing as an art and a science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well and cope with their health needs
Faye Abdellah
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
The recipients of nursing care having physical, emotional, and sociologic needs that may be overt or covert.
Person
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
Not clearly defined. Some discussion indicates that clients interact with their environment, of which nurse is a part.
Environment
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
A state when the individual has no unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment.
Health
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
Broadly grouped in “21 nursing problems,” which center around needs for hygiene, comfort, activity, rest, safety, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, hydration, physical and emotional health promotion, interpersonal relationships, and development of self-awareness.
Nursing
is doing something for an individual
Nursing care
Developed the Clinical Nursing - A Helping Art
Model
Ernestine Weidenbach
She believed that nurses meet the individual’s need for help through the identification of the needs, administration of help and validation that actions were helpful.
Ernestine Weidenbach
Ernestine Weidenbach
Components of clinical practice:
Philosophy, purpose, practice and an art.
To assist the individuals in overcoming obstacles that prevent meeting healthcare needs.
Ernestine Weidenbach
She advocated that the nurse’ s individual philosophy or central purpose lends credence to nursing care.
Ernestine Weidenbach
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
Any individual who is receiving help from a member of the health profession or from a worker in the field of health.
Person
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
Not specifically addressed
Environment
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
Concepts of nursing, client, and need for help and their relationships imply health-related concerns
in the nurse-client relationship
Health
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
The nurse is a functional human being who acts, thinks, and feels. All actions, thoughts, and feelings underlie what the nurse does.
Nursing
Human Caring Model ( Nursing: Human Science and Human Care)
Jean Watson
Nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-healing
Jean Watson
She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.
It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the satisfaction of certain human needs.
Jean watson
JEAN WATSON
___ accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring
Caring
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
1. The promotion of a ___ system of values
Humanistic-altruistic
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
2. Instillation of ___
faith-hope
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
3. The ____ to one’s self and others
cultivation of sensitivity
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
4. The development and acceptance of the expression of ____ feelings.
positive and negative
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
5. The systemic use of the ___ for decision making
scientific problem-solving method
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
6. The promotion of ___
interpersonal teaching-learning
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
7. The provision for ___,___,___ mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual
environment
supportive, protective and corrective
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
8. Assistance with the ___ of human needs
gratification
JEAN WATSON
Carative Factors:
9. The allowance for
existential phenomenological forces
To focus on curative factors derived from a humanistic perspective and from scientific knowledge.
Jean watson
Jean watson
A valued being to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, a fully functional, integrated self
Person
Jean Watson
Social environment, caring and the culture of caring affect health
Environment
Jean Watson
Physical, mental, and social wellness
Health
Jean Watson
A human science of people and human health; illness experiences that are mediated by
professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions.
Nursing
The Dynamic Nurse - Patient Relationship Model
Ida Jean Orlando
Believed that the nurse helps patients meet a perceived need that the patients cannot meet for themselves.
Ida Jean Orlando
Observed that the nurse provides direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.
Ida Jean Orlando
Ida Jean Orlando indicated that nursing actions can be
Automatic
Deliberative
Ida Jean Orlando advocated the 3 elements composing nursing situation
Client behavior
Nurse reaction
Nurse action
To interact with clients to meet immediate needs by identifying client behaviors, nurse’s reactions, and nursing actions to take
Ida Jean Orlando
Ida Jean Orlando
Unique individual behaving verbally nonverbally.
Assumption is that individuals are at times able to meet their own needs and at other times unable to do so
Person
Ida Jean Orlando
Not defined
Environment
Ida Jean Orlando
Not defined. Assumption is that being without
emotional or physical discomfort and having
sense of well-being contribute to a healthy state.
Health
Ida Jean Orlando
Professional nursing is conceptualized as finding out and meeting the client’s immediate need for help.
Nursing
Three Components of Nursing : Care, Core and
Cure
Lydia Hall
Represent nurturance and is exclusive to nursing
Care
Involves therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection
Core
Focuses on nursing related to the physician’s orders
Cure
Nursing: What Is It?
Lydia Hall
To provide professional nursing care to people past the acute stage of illness
Lydia Hall
LYDIA HALL
Client is composed of body, pathology, and person. People set their own goals and are capable of learning and growing.
Person
LYDIA HALL
Development of a mature self-identity that assists in the conscious selection of actions that facilitate growth.
Health
LYDIA HALL
Should facilitate achievement of the client’s personal goals.
Environment
LYDIA HALL
Caring is the nurse’s primary function. Professional nursing is most important during the recuperative period.
Nursing
Interpersonal Model
Hildegard Peplau
Defined nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help.
Hildegard Peplau
Hildegard Peplau
Identified 4 phases of the Nurse - Patient relationship:
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution
individual/family has a “felt need” and seeks professional assistance from a nurse (who is a stranger). This is the problem identification phase.
Orientation
Where the patient begins to have feelings of belongingness and a capacity for dealing with the problem, creating an optimistic attitude from which inner strength ensues. Here happens the selection of appropriate professional assistance.
Identification
The nurse uses communication tools to offer services to the patient, who is expected to take advantage of all services.
Exploitation
Where patient’s needs have already been met by the collaborative efforts between the patient and the nurse.
Resolution
is terminated and the links are dissolved, as patient drifts away from identifying with the nurse as the helping person
Therapeutic relationship
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
An organism striving to reduce tension generated by needs
Person
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
The interpersonal process is always
included, and psychodynamic milieu receives attention, with emphasis on the client’s culture and mores.
Environment
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Ongoing human process that implies forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and community living.
Health
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Interpersonal therapeutic process that “functions cooperatively with others human processes that make health possible for individuals in communities.
is an educative instrument, a maturing force that aims to promote forward movement of personality.
Nursing
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing Model
Joyce Travelbee
The goal of nursing is to assist individual or family in preventing or coping with illness regaining health, finding meaning in illness or maintaining maximal degree of health.
Joyce Travelbee
She further viewed that interpersonal process is a human-to-human relationship formed during illness and “experience of suffering”
Joyce Travelbee
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
A unique, irreplaceable individual who is in a continuous process of becoming, evolving, and changing.
Person
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
Not defined
Environment
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
includes the individual’s perceptions of health and the absence of disease.
Heath
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
An interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the experience of illness and suffering, and if necessary, to find meaning in these experiences.
Nursing
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Martha Rogers
Martha Rogers
____, is an energy field in constant interaction with the environment.
Unitary Man
Human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are significantly different from those of its parts.
Martha Rogers
Martha Rogers
Basic Assumptions
The human being is a ___, possessing individual integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of parts.
unified whole
Martha Rogers
Basic Assumptions
The ___ are continuously exchanging matter and energy with each other
individual and the environment
Martha Rogers
Basic Assumptions
The life processes of human beings evolve ___ along a space-time continuum
irreversibly and unidirectionally
Martha Rogers
Basic Assumptions
___ identify human being and reflect their
innovative wholeness
Patterns
Martha Rogers
Basic Assumptions
The individual is characterized by the ___ for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion
capacity
MARTHA ROGERS
Unitary man, a four-dimensional energy field.
Person
MARTHA ROGERS
Encompasses all that is outside any given human field. Person exchanging matter and energy
Environment
MARTHA ROGERS
Not specifically addressed, but emerges out of interaction between human and environment, moves forward, and maximizes human potential
Health
MARTHA ROGERS
A learned profession that is both science and art. The professional practice of nursing is creative and imaginative and exists to serve people.
Nursing
Goal Attainment Theory
Imogene King
Described nursing as a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain and restore health
Imogene KIng
To communication to help the client reestablish a positive adaptation to his or her environment. She described nursing as a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain, and restore health. If this is not possible, nurse’s reactions help individuals die with dignity
Imogene KIng
She viewed nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse whereby during perceiving, setting goals, and acting on them, transactions occur an goals are achieved
Imogene King
IMOGENE KING
Biopsychosocial being
Person
IMOGENE KING
Internal and external environment continually interacts to assist in adjustments to change
Environment
IMOGENE KING
A dynamic life experience with continued goal attainment and adjustment to stressors
Health
IMOGENE KING
Perceiving, thinking, relating, judging, and acting with an individual who comes to a nursing situation
Nursing
Health care System Model
Betty Neuman
Betty Neuman
Nursing is a unique profession that is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stresses, which are:
- intra (within the individual)
- inter (between one or more other people )
- extrapersonal (outside the individual)
The nurse helps the client, through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention to adjust to environment stressors and maintain client stability.
Betty Neuman
To address the effects of stress and reactions to it on the development and maintenance of health. The concern of nursing is to prevent stress invasion, to protect the client’s basic structure and to obtain or maintain a maximum level of wellness.
Betty Neuman
BETTY NEUMAN
A client system that is composed of physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental variables
Person
BETTY NEUMAN
Internal and external forces surrounding humans at any time
Environment
BETTY NEUMAN
Health or wellness exists if all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole person
Health
BETTY NEUMAN
Nursing is a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors
Nursing
Four Conservation Principles
Myra Levine
She advocated that nursing is a human interaction and proposed 4 conservation principles of nursing which are concerned with unity and integrity of the individual
Myra Levine
What are the four conservation principles of myra levine?
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Structural Integrity
Conservation of Personal integrity
Conservation of social integrity
MYRA LEVINE
a holistic being
Person
MYRA LEVINE
Broadly, includes all the individual’s experiences
Environment
MYRA LEVINE
The maintenance the client’s unity and integrity
Health
MYRA LEVINE
A discipline rooted in the organic dependency of the individual human being on his or her relationship with others
Nursing
Behavioral System Model
Dorothy Johnson
According to Dorothy Johnson, each person as a behavioral system is composed of 7 subsystem namely
Ingestive
Eliminative
Affiliative
Aggressive
Dependence
Achievement
Sexual and Role Identity Behavior
To reduce stress so the client can recover as quickly as possible.
Dorothy Johnson
She viewed that each person strives to achieve balance and stability both internally and externally and to function effectively by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces through learned pattern of response
Dorothy Johnson
She believed that the patient strives to become a person whose behavior is commensurate with social demands
Dorothy Johnson
DORTHY JOHNSON
A system of interdependent parts with patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving
Person
DORTHY JOHNSON
All forces that affect the person and that influence the behavioral system
Environment
DORTHY JOHNSON
Focus on person, not illness. ___ is a dynamic state influenced by biologic, psychological, and social factors
HEALTH
DORTHY JOHNSON
Promotion of behavioral system, balance and stability. An art and a science providing external assistance before and during balance disturbance
Nursing
Transcultural Nursing Model
Madeleine Leininger
Nursing is a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on human care phenomena and activities in order to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well being
(or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death
Madeleine Leininger
___ as a learned subfield or branch of nursing which focuses upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.
Transcultural nursing
Focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Transcultural Nursing Model
___ of the differences allows the nurse to design culture-specific nursing interventions
Awareness
Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit Theory
Dorothea Orem
Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/ improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
Dorothea Orem
Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
Self-Care & Self-care Deficit Theory
Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.
Dorothea Orem
Dorothea Orem
Identified 3 related concepts:
Self-care
Self-care deficit
Nursing system
Activities an Individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being.
Self-care
results when self-care agency (Individual’s ability) is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.
Self-care deficit
nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities
- Wholly Compensatory
- Partial Compensatory
- Supportive-educative
Nursing System
Nurse provides entire self-care for the client.
Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit
Wholly compensatory
nurse and client perform care, client can perform selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs the client cannot meet independently.
Partial compensatory
Nurse’s actions are to help the client develop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, support and encouragement.
Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby, Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive coping strategies.
Supportive-educative
Adaptation Model
Sister Callista Roy
Viewed each person as a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with a changing environment.
Sister Callista Roy
Person as an adaptive system consists of
input, control, processes, output and feedback
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
All people have certain needs which is divided into
four different modes:
physiological, self concept, role function and interdependence.
To identify the types and demands placed on a client and client’s adaptation to the demands.
Adaptation Model
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Biopsychological beign and the recipient of nursing care.
Person
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
The person encounters adaptation problems in changing the environment.
HEALTH
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
All conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development of an organism or groups of organisms.
Environment
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
A theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to the care of the ill or potentially ill persons.
Nursing
Theory of Human Becoming
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment, and co transcending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold
Theory of Human Becoming
is freely choosing personal meaning in situation in the intersubjective process of relating value priorities
Human becoming
Is co-creating rhythmic patterns or relating in mutual process in the universe
Human becoming
Is co-transcending multidimensionally with emerging possibilities
Human becoming
To focus on human as living unity and human’s qualitative participation with health experience.
Theory of human becoming
She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
She also believed that each choice opens certain opportunities while closing others. Thus, referred to revealing-concealing, enabling-limiting, and connecting-separating. Since each individual makes his or her own personal choices, the role
of the nurse is that of guide not decision maker
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
A major reason for nursing existence
Person
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
Man and environment interchange energy to create what is in the world, and man chooses the meaning given to the situations he creates
Environment
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
A lived experience that is a process of being and becoming
Health
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
Nursing practice is directed toward illuminating and mobilizing family interrelationships in light of the meaning assigned to health and its possibilities as language in the cocreated patterns of relating
Nursing
Provided a Humanistic Nursing Practice Theory.
Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad
This is based on their belief that nursing is an existential experience.
Nursing is viewed as a lived dialogue that involves the coming together of the nurse and the person to be nursed.
Humanistic Nursing Practice Theory
Josephine Paterson and
Loretta Zderad
The essential characteristics of nursing is ___.
nurturance
Humanistic care cannot take place without the ____ of the nurse being with and doing with the client.
authentic commitment
Humanistic nursing also presupposes ___ choices.
responsible
Developed the Modeling and Role - Modeling
Theory.
Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain
Developed the Modeling and Role - Modeling
Theory.
Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain
The focus of this theory is on the person.
The nurse model (assesses), role models (plans), and intervenes in this interpersonal and interactive theory.
Modeling and Role - Modeling Theory
They asserted that each individual is unique has some self-care knowledge, needs simultaneous to be attached to and separate from others, and has adaptive potential, nurses in this theory, facilitate,
nurture and accept the person unconditionally.
Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain
They view nursing as a self-care model based on the client’s perception of the world and adaptations to stressors.
Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain
Focused on health as expanding consciousness.
Margaret Newman
She believed that human are unitary beings in whom disease is a manifestation of the pattern of health.
Margaret Newman
She defined consciousness as the information capability of the system which is influenced by time, space, and movement and is ever-expanding.
Margaret Newman
Change occurs through transformation.
Nursing is involved with human beings who have reached choice points and found that their old ways are no longer effective.
health as expanding consciousness.
is a moral imperative for nursing.
Caring
The nurse is a partner with the client rather than the goal setter and outcome predictor.
Health as expanding consciousness
“proposed that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without actually learning a theory” Described as “knowing how” without “knowing that”
Patricia Benner
Development of knowledge in nursing is a combination of knowledge through research and understanding through clinical experience
Patricia Benner
From Novice to Expert
Patricia Benner
Has no professional experience
Novice
Can note recurrent meaningful situational, components, but not, prioritize between them
Beginner
Begins to understand actions in terms of long-range goals
Competent
Perceives situations as wholes, rather than in terms of aspects
Proficient
Has intuitive grasp of the situation and zeroes it on the accurate region of the problem
Expert
Develops the person demonstrate marginally acceptable performance having coped with enough real situations to note, or to have pointed out by mentor, the recurring meaningful components of the situation.
Nurses functioning at this level are guided by rules and oriented by task completion.
Still requires mentor or experienced nurse to assist with defining situations, to set priorities, and to integrate practical knowledge (English,
1993)
Advanced Beginner
After two to three years in the same area of nursing the nurse moves into the ___ Stage of skill acquisition.
The ___ nurse devises new rules and reasoning procedures for a plan while applying learned rules for action on the basis of the relevant facts of that situation.
Competent
This stage is the most pivotal in clinical learning because learner must begin to recognize patterns and determine which elements of the situation warrant attention and which can be ignored.
Competent
After three to five years in the same area of nursing the nurse moves into the ___ Stage
“The nurse possesses a deep understanding of situations as they occur, less conscious planning is necessary, critical thinking and decision-making skills have developed” (Frisch,
2009)
Proficient
The performer perceives the information as a whole (total picture) rather than in terms of aspects and performance.
___ level is a qualitative leap beyond the competent.
Proficient
Nurses at this level demonstrate ability to see changing relevance in all situation including the recognition and the implementation of skilled responses to the situation as is it evolves
Proficient
This stage occurs after five years or greater in the same area of nursing (experienced nurses changing areas of nursing practice may progress more quickly through the five stages)
The ___ performer no longer relies on an analytic principle (rule, guideline, maxim) to connect her or his understanding of the situation to an appropriate action.
Expert
The ___ nurse, with an enormous background of experience, now has an intuitive grasp of each situation and zeroes in on the accurate region of the problem without wasteful consideration of a large range of unfruitful, alternative diagnoses and solutions.
The ___ operates from a deep understanding of the total situation.
Expert
Developed the Child Health Assessment Model.
Kathryn E. Barnard:
Concerns about improving the health of infants and their families.
Child Health Assessment Model
Her findings on parent-child interaction as an important predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy.
She is the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Project (NCAST), which produces and develops research-based products, assessments, and training programs to teach professionals, parents, and other caregivers the skills to provide nurturing environments for young children.
Kathryn E. Barnard
• Borrows from psychology and human development and focuses on mother-infant interaction with the environment.
• Contributed a close link to practice that has modified the way healthcare providers assess children in light of the parent-child relationship.
Child Health Assessment Model
Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Marilyn Anne Ray:
“Improved patient safety, infection control, reduction in medication errors, and overall quality of care in complex bureaucratic health care systems cannot occur without knowledge and understanding of complex organizations, such as the political and economic systems, and spiritual-ethical caring, compassion and right action for all patients and professionals.”
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Challenges participants in nursing to think beyond their usual frame of reference and envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Presents a different view of how healthcare organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the system
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Theory of Carative Caring
Katie Eriksson
means that we take ‘caritas’ into use when caring for the human being in health and suffering [
It is a manifestation of the love that ‘just exists’
Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the one caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient.”
Caritative nursing
Theory of Carative Caring
The ultimate goal of caring is to __
lighten suffering and serve life and health
• Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used it as the basis of research, education, and clinical practice.
Theory of Carative Caring
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
Nursing is an “exquisitely interwoven” unity of aspects of the discipline and profession of nursing.
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
Nursing’s focus and aim as a discipline of knowledge and a professional service are “nurturing persons living to care and growing in caring.”
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
Caring in nursing is “an altruistic, active expression of love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness.”
The theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
Modeling and Role-Modeling
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain
“Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self-care activities in relation to their health … The goal is to achieve a state of perceived optimum health and contentment.”
Modeling and Role-Modeling
Modeling and Role-Modeling
is a process that allows nurses to understand the unique perspective of a client and learn to appreciate its importance.
Modeling
Modeling and Role-Modeling
occurs when the nurse plans and implements interventions that are unique for the client.
Role-modeling
Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother
Ramona T. Mercer
Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of illness, providing care for those who need protessional assistance to achieve their optimal level of health and functioning, and research to enhance the knowledge base for providing excellent nursing care.”
Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother
“Nurses are the health professionals having the most sustained and intense interaction with women in the maternity cycle.”
Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother
is an interactional and developmental process occurring over time. The mother becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).
Maternal role attainment
Provides proper health care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.
Maternal Role Attainment-Becoming a Mother
Theory of Comfort
Katharine Kolcaba
” ____ is an antidote to the stressors inherent in health care situations today, and when ___ is enhanced, patients and families are strengthened for the tasks ahead. Also, nurses feel more satisfied with the care they are giving.”
Comfort
Patient comfort exists in three forms: ___. These comforts can occur in four contexts: physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural.
As a patient’s comfort needs change, the nurse’s interventions change, as well.
relief, ease, and transcendence
Theory of Caring
Kristen M. Swanson
___ is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.”
Caring
Defines nursing as informed caring for the well-being of others.
Kristen M. Swanson
Offers a structure for improving up-to-date nursing practice, education, and research while bringing the discipline to its traditional values and caring-healing roots.
Kristen M. Swanson
Peaceful End-of-Life Theory
Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley M. Moore
The focus was not on death itself but on providing a peaceful and meaningful living in the time that remained for patients and their significant others.
The purpose was to reflect the complexity involved in caring for terminally ill patients.
Peaceful End-of-Life Theory
Postpartum Depression Theory
Cheryl Tatano Beck
“The birth of a baby is an occasion for joy—or so the saying goes. But for some women, joy is not an option.”
Postpartum Depression Theory
Described nursing as a caring profession with caring obligations to persons we care for, students, and each other.
Provides evidence to understand and prevent postpartum depression
Cheryl Tatano Beck
Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery
Phil Barker
is widely used in mental health nursing.
It focuses on nursing’s fundamental care processes, is universally applicable, and is a practical guide for psychiatry and mental health nursing.
Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery
Draws on values about relating to people and help others in their moments of distress. The values of the Tidal Model are revealed in the Ten Commitments: Value the voice, Respect the language, Develop genuine curiosity, Become the apprentice, Use the available toolkit, Craft the step beyond, Give the gift of time, Reveal personal wisdom, Know that change is constant, and Be transparent.
Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery
Uncertainty in Illness Theory
Merle H. Mishel
Presents a comprehensive structure to view the experience of acute and chronic illness and organize nursing interventions to promote optimal adjustment.
Uncertainty in illness Theory
Describes how individuals form meaning from illness-related situations.
Uncertainty in illness theory
Merle H. Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Theory
The original theory’s concepts were organized in a linear model around the following three major themes:
Antecedents of uncertainty
Process of uncertainty appraisal
Coping with uncertainty.
