Summary - Chapter 2.2 - Burden & Standard of Proof: Criminal Cases

Question 1

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Overview

Answer 1

1) Burden of proof
2) Standard of proof
3) Meaning of BRD
4) Meaning of RD
5) Duty of judges
6) Exception - proving particular facts under S.103
7) Exception - statutory defence under S.105
8) Exception - proving facts specially within knowledge S.106

Question 2

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Burden of proof

Answer 2

1) On whom:

Woolmington v DPP; Balachandran v PP;
Mohamad Radhi Yaakob v PP.

2) Falsity of defence:

• Mohamad Radhi Yaakob v PP
• PP v Saimin
• Mat v PP

Question 3

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Standard of proof

Answer 3

PP v Yuvaraj

Question 4

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Meaning of BRD

Answer 4

Miller v Minister of Pensions

Question 5

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Meaning of RD

Answer 5

1) PP v Saimin - hesitates;
2) Ali Tan Abdullah v PP - mere denial or bare story of innocence not RD;
3) PP v Datuk Haji Harun Idris - fanciful or imaginary doubt not RD

Question 6

BURDEN & STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

Duty of judge

Answer 6

Mat v PP

Question 7

EXCEPTION - PROVING PARTICULAR FACTS UNDER S.103

Alibi

Answer 7

1) The law:

• Illustration (b), S.103 EA
• S.402A CPC

2) Relevancy of alibi:
- Illustration (a), S.11 EA
3) Application - Duis Akim & Ors v PP

Question 8

EXCEPTION - PROVING STATUTORY DEFENCES UNDER S.105

General principles

Answer 8

1) SOP - Murugapillai a/l Rengasamy v PP
2) Two types of defences - R v Chanderasekara
3) Failure to prove defence - R v Chanderasekara

Question 9

EXCEPTION - PROVING STATUTORY DEFENCES UNDER S.105

examples of defences

Answer 9

1) provocation - Ikau Anak Mail v PP
- Recent, PP v Sah Chin Chong (CA, 2018)
2) Insanity - PP v Kenneth Fook Mun Lee (No. 1
- However, PP v Aldwin Rojas Saz (CA, 2019).
3) Automatism - Abdul Razak bin Dalek v PP

Question 10

EXCEPTION - PROVING FACTS SPECIALLY WITHIN KNOWLEDGE UNDER S.106

Meaning of specially

Answer 10

PP v Lim Kwai Thean

Question 11

EXCEPTION - PROVING FACTS SPECIALLY WITHIN KNOWLEDGE UNDER S.106

example - dispelling dishonesty

Answer 11

Mary Ng v R