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History Of English, Midterm > Summary 4 > Flashcards

Summary 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

in Old English, what kind of vocabulary was inherited from IE?

A

a lot of core vocabulary
- numbers, parts of the body (head, foot, tooth), family members (father, mother, brother),
animals (hound, wolf, bear), common natural features (fire, night, star, snow, sun, moon)

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2
Q

in Old English, what kind of vocab was inherited from Germanic?

A
  • Unique words for ships & seafaring: (ship, sail, boat, keel, sea, helm)
    • Names for some days of the week from Germanic god(esse)s:
      Tiw (Tuesday), Wodan (Wednesday), Thor (Thursday), Freia (Friday)
    • Grammatical words: (Function words)
  • pronouns (ic, we, he, him)
  • articles (from demonstrative forms: þe, þæt)
  • conjunctions (ond, swa [so], gif [if], hu [how])
  • prepositions (in, for, æt)
    • Many other common words: most basic nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
  • Irregular nouns
  • Many regular nouns (later –s)
  • Irregular verbs
  • Many regular verbs in –ed
  • Modal verbs
  • Many comparatives and superlatives in -er / -est
    - Other common words: word, land, winter, summer, hand, bread (piece), loaf (hlaf –
    bread), winnan (fight), earth
    - Many stressed and unstressed prefixes: be- (begangan), for- (forgān), in- (ingān),
    ofer- (ofergān), up- (upgān), ūt- (ūtgān) (Modern English: begin, behold,
    forgo, undergo, withhold, understand, misunderstand)
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3
Q

what is a Kenning?

A

a type of metaphor (CP, 34) (the same thing in a roundabout way)

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4
Q

compounds were mainly created for:

A

OE poetry

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5
Q

Alliterative poetry required many :

A

synonyms

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6
Q

Beowulf has ___ compounds, most used only once

A

903

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7
Q

examples of words in OE that had a Meaning change:

A
  • OE bread originally meant “fragment” or “piece”.
    - OE hlaf (loaf) meant “bread”.
    - ON brauð meant “bread”.
    - OE bread took on the meaning “bread” under ON influence.
    - OE fugol became restricted from all birds to only barnyard birds (fowl).
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8
Q

information about The Norman Conquest :

A

1066, William (the Conqueror) of Normandy defeated Harold Godwinson
at the Battle of Hastings.

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9
Q

what language did the Normans speak?

A

Norman (not Parisian) French

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10
Q

which English king died in 1066?

A

Edward the Confessor (half norman)

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11
Q

who were the Three claimants to the throne (of Edward the Confessor)?

A
  • Harald Hardrada, King of Norway
    • Harald Godwinson, Earl of Wessex and powerful nobleman with ties to the Norse.
  • William of Normandy (a second cousin to Edward)
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12
Q

who nvaded England in the northeast? Who sent his forces and defeated him at the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A

Harald Hardrada

Harald Godwinson

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13
Q

what story is on the Bayeux Tapestry?

A

Harald was killed by an arrow which pierced his eye.

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14
Q

who became King of England (actually the Anglo-Norman Kingdom after the battle of stamford bridge?

A

William

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15
Q

when William became king, what happened to language?

A

French became the language of government, administration, military, and the judicial system for
roughly the next 200 years.

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16
Q

what was The status of English and French during William’s rule?

A
  • French was spoken and used by the aristocracy
  • small but powerful minority
  • The common people (the vast majority) continued to use English with each other.
    • It had no power or prestige
  • The English had to use French in dealing with the government.
    • The English nobility and clergy had been killed or replaced by the Normans.
  • French was not imposed on the population; English was not prohibited. The rulers were simply
    indifferent to it.
  • The early Norman kings spoke no English.
    • England was only part of their realm, which also included Normandy. (and Aquitaine)
    • Some Norman kings spent all or most of their lives in Normandy.
  • There was certainly some bilingualism from the beginning via intermarriage and work
    relationships, as suggested by loanwords such as: table, boil, roast, serve, dine, tax, estate,
    trouble, duty, pay
17
Q

was The impact of the Norman Invasion on the English language gradual or abrupt?

A

gradual

18
Q

what was abandoned in 1131?

A

The Peterborough Chronicle

19
Q

what was the Eventual rise of a new standard in English after the Norman conquest?

A 
Chancery English (based on the English of London and 
	environs)
20
Q

Norse words had been in the East Midlands for a long time, but didn’t become prominent in writing
until when?

A

Middle English

21
Q
  • Almost all of the words that English borrowed, especially those from Latin and French, were :
A

content words

22
Q

The Anglo-Norman Kingdom included which countries?

A

England and Normandy

23
Q

King John lost Normandy to the French in which year?

A

1204

24
Q

Who was the first English king since the Norman Conquest to speak English?

A

Edward I (1272 - 1307)

25
Q

What brought speakers of various English dialects together?

A

the Crusades

26
Q

what happened with language in Late Middle Ages: (13 -14th centuries) ?

A

French declined; (Middle) English re-emerged.

27
Q

how much percent of the population did the Plague kill?

A

30-50%

28
Q

what were the results of the Plague?

A
  • shortage of bodies for production
    • the breakdown of feudalism, where peasants were tied to the land under an overlord
      • Urbanization: more people moved to the cities (mainly from the East Midlands to
        London)
      • Trades people were needed.
      • The common people gained in economic power.
29
Q

what is The Chancery Standard ?

A

Spelling and grammar were to a large extent normalized in government writings.

30
Q

what was one of the main factors leading to an eventual English standard
language?

A

The Chancery Standard

31
Q

what were Three distinct periods of Middle English:

A
  • Decline after the Norman invasion (1066-1204)
  • Resurgence of English (1204-1350)
  • Toward a new standard (1350-1500)

History Of English, Midterm (5 decks)

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