Summary 3

Question 1

North branch of Germanic:

Answer 1

Old Norse > Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Faroese

Question 2

East branch of Germanic:

Answer 2

Gothic †, Burgundian†, Langobardic†, Vandalic†

Question 3

West branch of Germanic:

Answer 3

High German, Low German (< Old Saxon), Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, English

Question 4

what formed the boundary between the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire?

Answer 4

The Upper Rhine and the Danube rivers

Question 5

when did it split into present-day France and Germany?

Answer 5

in 843

Question 6

The language of the Franks did not survive in France, but they gave their name to the :

Answer 6

country, the currency and the language.

Question 7

Carolingian Empire was?

Answer 7

Charlemagne

Question 8

The Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and others settled in the :

Answer 8

British Isles.

Question 9

The Vikings (Danes and Norwegians) settled in the :

Answer 9

East Midlands.

Question 10

The Normans (originally Vikings who had settled in Northern France) invaded :

Answer 10

England

Question 11

Names for some days of the week from :

Answer 11

Germanic god(esse)s: Tiw (Tuesday), Wodan (Wednesday), Thor (Thursday), Freia (Friday)

Question 12

Borrowed metallurgical words from the :

Answer 12

Celts

Question 13

Borrowed a number of words from Latin for new concepts like:

Answer 13

roads, buildings, currency, foods

Question 14

The gender designations (masculine, feminine, neuter) were :

Answer 14

an invention of Greek grammarians,
who happened to notice that male beings often occurred in Group1 and female beings in
Group 2.

Question 15

Two sets of endings for:

Answer 15

adjectives (strong and weak)

Question 16

Q: Why don’t modal verbs have an –s in the third person singular present tense?

Answer 16

A: They came from past tense forms, which never had an –s ending.

Question 17

There are no written records of Germanic, but based on its use in inscriptions in several Germanic
languages, it is likely that Germanic used (invented) the :

Answer 17

the fuþork (the Runic alphabet).

Question 18

• The earliest written record :

Answer 18

a Gothic translation of the Bible in the fourth century AD, using Bishop
Wulfila’s adaptation of the Greek alphabet.

Question 19

Word stress was ______ in Indo-European.

Answer 19

variable

Question 20

In Germanic, word stress became:

Answer 20

fixed on the first or root syllable of the word.

Question 21

who was Sir William Jones?

Answer 21

a British judge in India, presented evidence which showed a strong connection among Sanskrit (an ancient language of India) and many languages spoken in Europe

Question 22

what is considered the birth of linguistics as a (systematic scientific) discipline. ?

Answer 22

Grimm’s law

Question 23

during which period did grimm’s law occur?

Answer 23

during the Romantic period

Question 24

contributor to Grimm’s law?

Answer 24

jacob grimm

Question 25

the shifting of several series of consonant groups:

Answer 25

1. Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives in Germanic.
2. Voiced stops became voiceless stops.