Sulfonamides, FQs, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol

Question 1

Sulfonamide MOA:

Answer 1

Inhibition of the metabolic pathway that is required for bacterial folic acid synthesis

Question 2

Structure of folic acid:

Answer 2

Three chemical moieties-
- A pteridine ring
- PABA
- Glutamate

Question 3

Sulfonamides inhibit ___

Answer 3

Dihydropteroate synthetase

Question 4

What effect do sulfonamides have:

Answer 4

Bacteriostatic

Question 5

Pharmacokinetics of sulfonamides:

Answer 5

Active drug and inactive metabolites are excreted in urine, and accumulation can occur in renal tubules

Question 6

Sulfonamides are largely ineffective when ____

Answer 6

Used alone

Question 7

What might you pair sulfonamides with?

Answer 7

Inhibitors, such as trimethoprim

Question 8

Combination of trimethoprim and sulfonamides is referred to as:

Answer 8

TMS, bactericidal effect

Question 9

Adverse effects to sulfonamides:

Answer 9

Skin problems and fever

Question 10

What is kernicterus?

Answer 10

Displacement of bilirubin from albumin in infants, which crosses the BBB
Causes various signs of brain damage

Question 11

How does resistance occur within sulfonamides?

Answer 11

Acquisition of an altered dihydropteroate synthetase enzyme

Question 12

What are sulfonamides used to treat?

Answer 12

UTI, toxoplasmosis, pneumonia in AIDS patients

Question 13

How do fluoroquinolones act?(two ways)

Answer 13

Inhibit bacterial type II topoisomerases
Damage DNA by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

Question 14

Examples of fluoroquinolones:

Answer 14

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

Question 15

What bacterial types does ciprofloaxcin treat?

Answer 15

Targets many gram neg aerobes

Question 16

What does ciprofloxacin treat?

Answer 16

Chlamydia, mycoplasma

Question 17

Oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin:

Answer 17

Approaches 100% with a long half-life

Question 18

Ciprofloxacin adverse effects:

Answer 18

Headache, dizziness, lower seizure threshold, phototoxicity, nausea, cartilage damage

Question 19

What do macrolides target?

Answer 19

The 50S ribosomal subunit

Question 20

Macrolides typically settle in the ___

Answer 20

Lungs

Question 21

What type of drug is azithromycin and what does it treat?

Answer 21

Macrolide, respiratory tract infections

Question 22

What type of drug is clarithromycin and what does it treat?

Answer 22

Macrolide, respiratory tract infections

Question 23

What type of drug is telithromycin and what does it treat?

Answer 23

Macrolide, resistant respiratory infections

Question 24

What does chloramphenicol target?

Answer 24

50S ribosomal unit

Question 25

What effect does chloramphenicol have?

Answer 25

Bacteriostatic

Question 26

Chloramphenicol MOA:

Answer 26

Inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes

Question 27

Side effect of chloramphenicol:

Answer 27

Fatal aplastic anemia