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Phase 1 Medicine (JA) > SUGER1 (repro) phys > Flashcards

SUGER1 (repro) phys Flashcards

1
Q

How are LH and FSH secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Preoptic and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus secrete GnRH which stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

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2
Q

What are the stem cells of the ovary called, and when do they turn into primordial follicles?

A

oogonium. Pre-puberty.

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3
Q

What stimulates primordial follicles to become primary follicles?

A

Androgens

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4
Q

What phase of meiosis are primary follicles in, and what are their histology?

A

Prophase I. Granulosa cells are cuboidal/columnar and the zona pellucida begins to form

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5
Q

What stimulates the conversion of a primary follicle to an early secondary follicle?

A

FSH

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6
Q

What is the histology of a secondary follicle?

A

Multiple layers of granulosa cells, zona pellucida, spaces become filled with follicular fluid, and theca interna and externa become visible.

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7
Q

Which layer is secreting oestrogen, and which hormone stimulates this?

A

Theca interna. LH.

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8
Q

Describe the features of the graafian follicle.

A

Proliferating granulosa cells
Cumulus oophorus (stalk) connecting to a corona radiata around a secondary follicle (metaphase II).
Follicular fluid has become an antrum.

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9
Q

When a secondary follicle undergoes meiosis I, which two types of haploid daughter cells will it produce?

A

1) Secondary follicle (stuck in metaphase II)

2) Polar body (that degrades)

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10
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle, how long does it last, and which phases of the uterine cycle does this coincide with?

A

Primordial follicle turns into a graafian cell. lasts 1-14 days. Coincides with the menstruation and the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle.

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11
Q

What stimulates the graafian cell the enter the ovulatory phase of the oestrous cycle?

A

The LH surge. causes the graafian cell to rupture.

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12
Q

When does the ovulatory phase happen?

A

Day 14-15

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13
Q

What happens in the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle?

A

LH stimulates the remaining granulosa cells to become the corpus luteum.

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14
Q

What does LH stimulate the corpus luteum to secrete?

A

Progesterone

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15
Q

When does the luteal phase occur?

A

Days 15-28

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16
Q

8-9 days following ovulation, what does the corpus luteum become if pregnancy does not occur?

A

Corpus albicans. Granulosa cells degrade and fibrous scar tissue forms. cells become phagocytosed.

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17
Q

What are the two layers of the uterine endometrium called?

A

1) Stratum basalis (not hormonally responsive, not lost during menstruation)
2) Stratum spongiosum (shed during menstruation)

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18
Q

When is the menstruation period?

A

Days 1-5

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19
Q

What do the arteries look like in the endometrium?

A

Stratum basalis - straight arteries

Stratum spongiosum - spiral arteries

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20
Q

When does the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle occur?

A

Days 6-14 (in line with menstruation and the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle)

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21
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Stimulated by oestrogen. regeneration of the stratum spongiosum, regeneration of the spiral arteries, regeneration of the straight glands, cervix will produce a thin mucus

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22
Q

When does the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle occur?

A

Days 15-28 (in line with the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle)

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23
Q

What are the 3 stages of the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) early - Vacuoles full of glycoprotein can be found subnuclear
2) Mid - Glycogen vacuoles can be found above and below the nucleus. secretions begin to happen here.
3) Late - glands gain a sawtooth like appearance and stromal cells wrap around spiral arteries.

24
Q

Which hormone is regulating the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

25
Q

When does the menstruation phase occur?

A

Days 1-5 (In line with the beginning of the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle)

26
Q

Which hormone regulates the onset of the menstruation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone. It is caused due to the withdrawal of progesterone, due to the corpus luteum breaking down and becoming the corpus albicans.

27
Q

What is occuring when the menstrual phase begins (i.e. when a women has a period)

A

1) Contraction of the spiral arteries are regulated by progesterone
2) Without progesterone, the spiral arteries spasm and rupture, causing blood to form in the stratum spongiosum
3) Spongiosum becomes ischaemic, becomes necrotic, and start to slough

28
Q

Which type of cells make up the seminiferous tubules, and what is their histological appearance?

A

Sertoli cells - columnar, cytoplasmic projections, irregularly shaped nuclei

29
Q

What is the basic stem cell within the seminierous tubule?

A

Spermatogonium

30
Q

When spermatogonium divide by mitosis, what cells are created?

A

Type A - replenish the stem cell population

Type B - go on to become primary spermatocytes

31
Q

When do primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes?

A

When primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I. Halves the number of chromosomes.

32
Q

What cells are created when secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II?

A

Spermatids

33
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids become spermatozoa

34
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone in response to LH?

A

Leydig cells

35
Q

Where does FSH work in spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulates sertoli cells to secrete androgen bonding protein

36
Q

What do Leydig cells look like histologically?

A

Lots of lipid (to create testosterone with)
Contain Reinke’s crystalloids which become more common with age
Also contains lipofucin - Wear and tear molecule

37
Q

Name the parts of a spermatozoa.

A

Head with acrosome
Neck with mitochondria and centrioles
Flagella with a 9+2 arrangement

38
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete and what do they look like histologically?

A

Seminal fluid (70-80% of ejaculate):
Fructose, prostaglandins, citric acid, ascorbic acid
Tall non-ciliated columnar epi.

39
Q

What does the prostate secrete, and what cells does it contain?

A

Basal cells, secretory cells and neuroendocrine cells.

Acid phosphatases, fibrinolysin, prostate specific antigen, amylase.

40
Q

What do prostaglandins, coagulases and fibriolysin do when the sperm enters the uterus?

A

Prostaglandins cause the myometrium to move (retropulsion)
Coagulases cause the sperm to attach to the wall
Fibrinolysin allows the the sperm to dettach from the uterine wall

41
Q

What kind of environment can be found in the uterus?

A

Alkaline - allows the sperm to move quickly.

42
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Capacitation occurs after ejaculation and is the incubation period which allows the spermatozoa to mature. It is the removal of sterols and glycoproteins to allow greater motility (hypermotility)

43
Q

Where does the acrosomal reaction take place?

A

Ampulla where fertilisation happens

44
Q

What happens during the acrosomal reaction?

A

1) Acrosome releases hyaluronic acid which reacts with the granulosa cells of the corona radiata
2) Spermatozoa binds with ZP3 receptors on the zona pellucida, causing acrosin to be released via influx of calcium into the head
3) This will cause a breakdown of the zona pellucida

45
Q

What happens during fast block to poly spermy?

A

1) Spermatozoa binds with oocyte cell membrane and causes influx of Na+ which depolarises the cell membrane
2) No other sperm cells can penetrate
3) Head of sperm fuses with membrane and injects genetic material

46
Q

What happens during slow block to polyspermy?

A

1) Injection of the sperm DNA causes Ca2+ to be released from the sER of the oocyte
2) Ca2+ binds to the lysozomes which then fuse with the ZP
3) Hydrolases are released which breaks down the ZP and hardens it, not allowing further penetration

47
Q

What action does calcium release from the sER have on the secondary oocyte?

A

Stimulates the completion of meiosis II. Forms a definitive ovum and a polar body which gets degraded.

48
Q

What is the product of the genetic material from the sperm meeting with the genetic material from the oocyte?

A

Zygote

49
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Cleavage is the process of the zygote dividing to become a blastocyst

50
Q

What is the 16-cell stage also known as, and what are the cells now known as?

A

The morula (hollow inside), covered in blastomeres.

51
Q

What happens during blastulation?

A

Morula becomes a blastocyst. development of the outer and inner cells masses. The outer cell mass becomes the trophoblast, and the inner cell mass becomes embyroblast.

52
Q

When does blastulation occur?

A

Week 1`

53
Q

How does the blastocyst attach during implantation?

A

1) Weak attachment - Microvilli of the trophoblast create weak links with pinopods on the endometrial lining
2) Strong link - Integrins on the trophoblast binds with selectins on the endometrium. Binding causes chemokine release from the trophoblast

54
Q

After implantation, what does the trophoblast divide into, and what do they do?

A

1) Cytotrophoblast - outside of the blastocyst

2) Syncitiotrophoblast - secretes hydrolases and human choreonic gonadotropin

55
Q

What does human choreonic gonadotropin do?

A

Secreted by the syncitiotrophoblast which will stimulate the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone to stop menstruation from occuring

56
Q

What happens to the embyroblast after implantation?

A

turns into the bilaminar disc to create the primary yolk sac and the amniotic cavity

57
Q

What happens on day 9 following conception?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast secretes proteases which will break down the spiral arteries and cause the lacunae to fill with blood

Phase 1 Medicine (JA) (8 decks)

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