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Phase 1 Medicine (JA) > Histology Lecs 1-3 > Flashcards

Histology Lecs 1-3 Flashcards

1) intro 2) Epithelia 3) Connective tissue

1
Q

What is the most common type of section and how wide is it?

A

Section (thin slices - 4 um

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2
Q

What is formalin?

A

Formalin is the aqueous solution of the gas formaldehyde. Prevents tissues from rotting

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3
Q

What does paraffin do?

A

Extracts water and other substances

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4
Q

What do haemotoxylin and eosin stain? What substance is not stained in the cell?

A

H - Stains nuclei and RNA blue
E - Stains the cytoplasm pink
GAG matrix not stained by H+E

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5
Q

What is the PAS stain and what does it show?

A

Periodic acid schiff stain. Stains sugars a rich magenta

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6
Q

What is the Van Gieson stain and what does it show?

A

Van Gieson stain shows elastic fibres and stains them brown

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7
Q

What does Masson’s Trichrome stain?

A

Collagenous connective tissue fibres

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8
Q

What stain would you use to stain mucus?

A

Alcian Blue

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9
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A

Lightly pack DNA often under active transcription

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10
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

More densely packed DNA. Folded around histones.

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11
Q

Name the structures of a mitochondria and what happens in each place.

A

Outer membrane - Lipid synthesis & fatty acid metabolism
Inner membrane - resp chain ATP production
Intermembrane space - ADP to ATP
Matrix - The citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

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12
Q

What happens at the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

What happens at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Processing of synthesised proteins and membrane lipid synthesis

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14
Q

Where can you find the perinuclear hoff, and what is it?

A

This is the golgi apparatus that is visible in a plasma B cell

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15
Q

What happens in the cis facing golgi?

A

Receives transport vesicles from the sER

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16
Q

What happens in the medial golgi?

A

Addition of sugars to form complex oligosaccharides

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17
Q

What happens in the trans golgi?

A

Proteolysis, sort macromolecules into vesicles and they bud from the surface

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18
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Membrane bound organelle. Golgi or ER derived

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19
Q

Where to lysosomes derive from?

A

Golgi

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20
Q

Which two types of vesicles create a lysosome?

A

1) Hydrolase vesicle - Has enzymes that degrade proteins at a low pH
2) Endosome - H+ATPase on the surface which pumps H+ to activate hydrolase

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21
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

An organelle which oxidases long chain fatty acids

22
Q

Name 3 types of cytoskeleton.

A

1) Actin - G-actin and F-actin
2) Tubulin - Scaffolds for mitosis and meiosis. Not found in RBCs
3) Intermediate filaments

23
Q

Name 6 types of intermediate filament and where they are found

A

1) Cytokeratin - Epithelial cell
2) Desmin - Myocytes
3) Glial fibrillary acidic protein - astrocytes
4) Neurofilament - Nervous system
5) Nuclear laminin - All nuclei
6) Vimentin - Mesodermal cells

24
Q

What is Lipofucin?

A

Found in the heart and liver. Peroxidation of lipids. The wear and tear organelle. Found in elderly patients.

25
Q

Define epithelium.

A

Cohesive sheets of cells with one or more layers resting on a basement membrane.

26
Q

Which organ has no epithelium?

A

Spleen

27
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Single layer of flat cells

28
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Usually secretory. Kidney tubules, ducts, salivary glands

29
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Small intestine, fallopian tubes

30
Q

What type of cytoskeleton does microvilli contain?

A

Tubulin, Dynein, intermediate filaments

31
Q

Where can stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium be found?

A

Areas which are wet and do not require water proofing e.g. vagina. Vaginal epithelium will accumulate glycogen and appear pale.

32
Q

Where can stratified squamous keratinised epithelium be found?

A

Found primarily within skin. Needs to be waterproofed. Cells mature from the basement membrane and they gain more keratin as they do so. Cells begin to die towards the surface.

33
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Appears stratified but is not. It is a single layer of cells at different heights. Also known as respiratory epithelium

34
Q

Describe urothelium.

A

A special case of stratified epithelium. It is the combination of simple squamous, known as umbrella cells, and pseudostratified cells which appear 3-7 layers thick

35
Q

What comprises the basement membrane and how do you stain for it?

A

Type IV collagen and fibronectin. A PAS stain.

36
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Makes epithelium impervious to molecules. Will require material to diffuse through the cell

37
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Anchoring or adherent junctions. Forms physical connections which the adjacent cytoskeleton. Found within the skin. Hemidesmosomes bind the cell to the basement membrane.

38
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

These are communicating junctions which form a pore. Allows for the movement of ions and small molecules. Cells become electrically coupled. Two connexons, formed each of 6 connexins.

39
Q

Which cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells?

A

cells ending in blast, and adipocytes and mast cells

40
Q

Which cells are derived from haematopoietic stem cells?

A

All blood cells

41
Q

What are the 3 constituents of connective tissue?

A

1) Cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes)
2) Fibres (Collagen, elastic, reticulin)
3) Ground substance (hydrophillic jelly)

42
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Fibrous (loose, dense)
2) Hard (Bone, cartialage)
3) Fatty (White and brown)

43
Q

How many types of collagen fibre are there and name where the first 5 are found?

A

>

1) Skin, bone
2) Cartilage
3) Liver, spleen (known as reticulin)
4) basement membrane
5) Placenta

44
Q

Where are collagen fibres formed and what is the precursor called?

A

Extracellularly, tropocollagen.

45
Q

What type of stain would be required to see reticulin?

A

Silver stain. Found in the liver and spleen.

46
Q

Name two types of dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

Regular - Tendons and ligaments

Irregular - Fascia of the penis

47
Q

What does white adipose tissue look like?

A

Large cells with a single fat droplet in them. Pushes the cytoplasm close to the edge of the cell. Metabolically active, and has an endocrine function

48
Q

What does brown adipose tissue look like?

A

Foamy appearance, many fat globules. Only seen in neonates. Plays a role in thermogenesis.

49
Q

Describe cartilage.

A

A hard connective tissue. Avascular. Contains cells (Chondro…), contains fibres (Collagen, elastin) and hydrophillic ground substance (GAGs and proteoglycans)

50
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna of the ear, epiglottis, bound by perichondrium.

51
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Annulus fibrosus, pubic symphysis

52
Q

What is synovium?

A

Lines joint capsules. Made up of 1-4 layers of synovial cells. Type A - Phagocytes, Type B - rich in rER. Richly vascular and highly innovated.

Phase 1 Medicine (JA) (8 decks)

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