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Med Chem modules > Sugar, Sex And Satiety > Flashcards

Sugar, Sex And Satiety Flashcards

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1
Q

Above what BMI is a person considered obese?

A

30

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2
Q

What do orexigenic signals do

A

Lowers energy expenditure
Lowers satiety
Increases food intake
Increases lipogenesis

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3
Q

Describe neuropeptide Y.

A

Orexigenic signal released into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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4
Q

Describe agouti-related peptide

A

Orexigenic signal released into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Describe 5HT (satiety)

A

Anorexigenic peptide released into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

Adipose tissue

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7
Q

Where are leptin receptors found?

A

Satiety centre of the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Is leptin orexigenic or anorexigenic?

A

Anorexigenic

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9
Q

What do ob/ob mice lack?

A

Leptin genes

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10
Q

What do db/db mice lack?

A

Genes for leptin receptors

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11
Q

Which drug inhibits energy uptake?

A

Phentermine

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12
Q

What drug inhibits fat absorption?

A

Orlistat

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13
Q

What drug enhances energy expenditure?

A

Orlistat

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14
Q

What are the strategies employed to treat obesity?

A

Inhibit energy uptake
Inhibit fat absorption
Enhance energy expenditure
Fat mobilisation stimulation

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15
Q

How does insulin affect leptin activity?

A

Stimulates insulin release, therefore increases leptin activity

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16
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect leptin activity?

A

Glucocorticoids antagonise leptin and insulin, decreasing leptin activity

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17
Q

Where is insulin synthesised and released from?

A

Beta cells in the islet of langherans of the pancreas

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18
Q

What signals the release of insulin?

A

An increase in glucose conc.
Rate of change of glucose conc.
Arg, Leu, ketones, gastrin; secretin

19
Q

Describe phase one insulin release.

A

Glucose enters beta cell via GLUT2 transporter.
Glucose is converted to ATP
ATP blocks the K channel reducing the efflux of K
the cell depolarises causing an influx of Ca
Ca causes exocytosis of insulin granules

20
Q

What effects does insulin have on the liver?

A

Increases glycogenogenesis
Reduces glycogenolysis
Increases glycolysis
Reduces glucoenogenesis

21
Q

What effect does insulin have on muscle?

A

Increases amino acid uptake and synthesis
Increases glucose uptake
Increases glycolysis
Increases glycogenogenesis

22
Q

What effect does glucose have on adipose tissue?

A

Increased lipogenesis
Reduced lipolysis
Increases triglyceride formation

23
Q

How does the insulin receptor initiate intracellular signalling?

A

Insulin binds to extracellular alpha subunit

Binding causes the beta subunits to cross-autophosphorylate

24
Q

Name three signalling pathways engaged through insulin receptor activation.

A

IRS-1: link between receptor and other signalling proteins

PLC: catalyses the activation of serine/threonine phosphatase

GLUT4: recruites GLUT4 transporters to the membrane to increase glucose uptake

25
Q

What pathologies does uncontrolled glycaemia produce?

A

Neuropathy
Coma
Nephropathy
Myocardial infarction

26
Q

What is the pathophysiology of IDDM?

A

Autoimmune response of HLA antigens attacking beta cells

0-10% cell function

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of NIDDM?

A

Reduced insulin levels

Target tissues are resistant to insulin

28
Q

What is the pharmacokinetic strategy with insulin injections?

A

Increase ligand concentration to increase receptor activation

29
Q

How do sulphonylureas work?

A

Block K channels of beta cells
Beta cells depolarise
Voltage sensitive ion channels open
Calcium entry into cell stimulates insulin release

30
Q

How do biguanides work?

A

Inhibit fatty acid break down
Inhibit glucose uptake from gut
Inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver
Increase tissue sensitivity to insulin

31
Q

How do thiazolenediones work?

A

Activate PPAR- gamma receptors

Sensetise peripheral tissues to insulin

32
Q

What does GnRH liberate from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH and LH

33
Q

What are the principal activities of FSH?

A

Stimulates follicle development
Stimulates oestrogen production in follicle
Increases receptor expression in follicle

Stimulates Sertoli cells to nourish sperm

34
Q

What are the principal activities of LH?

A

Stimulates androgen synthesis in follicle
Stimulates follicle development and rupture
Involved in the conversion of the ruptured follicle to the corpus luteum

Stimulates testosterone production

35
Q

What is the gonadotropin released by the zygote and placenta?

A

LGC

36
Q

What two steroids are the principal female sex hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

37
Q

What is COC?

A

Ethinyloestradiol and norgestrel
Pill taken for 21 days
7 drug free days

38
Q

What is POP?

A

Levonorgestrel

Taken continuously

39
Q

What is the standard HRT?

A

Ethinyloestradiol and norgestrel

40
Q

What is the post-hysterectomy HRT?

A

Ratoxifene

41
Q

Drugs used to treat infertility.

A

Clomiphene

42
Q

Drugs used to treat endometriosis

A

Danazol

43
Q

How is the BMI calculated?

A

Weight/(height) squared

Med Chem modules (8 decks)

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