Sudan Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in 1877?

A

Colonel Charles Gordon sent from Britain to act as Governor-General of Egyptian-administered Sudan in 1877

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2
Q

What happened to Gordon in Sudan?

A

He faced serious opposition from Sudanese Islamic Cleric, Muhammed Ahmad, who, in June 1881, declared himself the Mahdi

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3
Q

What did the Mahdi do?

A

He used the long term resentment of Egyptian control in the Sudan as well as more recent British involvement to transform an emerging nationalist movement to a jihadist army

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4
Q

What was the aim of the Mahdists?

A

Free Sudan from outside rule and by 1882 they had taken control over area around Khartoum

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5
Q

What happened in 1883?

A

A join British and Egyptian military expedition, led by Colonel William Hicks, launched a counterattack against the Mahdists but it proved to be ineffective and Hicks himself was killed in the ensuing conflict

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6
Q

What was PM Gladstone’s attitude to the Mahdists?

A

He was reluctant to get drawn in to further conflicts and ordered General Gordon to oversee the evacuation of all British and Egyptian troops from Khartoum 1884
-January 1885, Khartoum overrun and almost the entire garrison killed with General Gordon beheaded
-Gladstone didn’t retaliate as he was keen to avoid further loss of life and money, so British left embarrassed

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7
Q

What happened to British attitudes towards Sudan after ww2?

A

-A national consciousness began to grow in the Sudan. Nationalist activity was not violent and focused on Sudanese involvement in politics, although tensions did exist between rival parties
-British officials recognised the power of nationalism and tried to work with Sudanese elites by introducing new political institutions

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8
Q

What happened to Sudan in 1952?

A

Colonel Nasser ended Egypt’s claims to the Sudan. Undermining British position in Sudan, which they theoretically governed on behalf of Egypt. So in response, March 1953, Britain, Egypt and Sudan agreed to transition Sudan to self-government

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9
Q

What happened in Sudan 1954?

A

It was agreed that the Sudan should be granted its independence, which it attained on the 1st January 1956

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10
Q

What was the state of Sudan in 1890s?

A

-Suffering from civil war with internal resistance fighters as well as escalating levels of disease and famine, so PM Salisbury resolved to reconquer at least part of Sudan. Salisbury worried about the interest that other European nations showed in Africa

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11
Q

What was signed in 1890?

A

A treaty with the Germans was signed by Salisbury in 1890, giving Germans control of Tanganyika and gave the British control of Kenya, this forced the French to concentrate on West Africa which the British had little interest in. Whilst Italy was expanding on the Red Sea coast and attempted to seize Ethiopia in 1896

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12
Q

What role was Kitchener appointed when?

A

General Kitchener was appointed commander-in-chief of the new Egyptian Army in 1896, he was given orders to go as far as Dongola within the Sudanese territory. But Kitchener was determined to go further by taking Khartoum and conquering the whole region

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13
Q

What was the most significant event of General Kitchener’s control?

A

The battle of Omdurman which Kitchener won in 1898

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14
Q

What happened to Kitchener after the battle of Omdurman?

A

Kitchener was directed to go to Fashoda where a French expedition, led by Major Marchland had just arrived. Kitchener and Marchland pressed their countries claims to the area, accusing each other of trespassing

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15
Q

What happened as a result of the dispute between French Major Marchland and General Kitchener?

A

This was labelled the Fashoda incident 1898, both Britain and France were on the brink of war, though the French were concerned about British strength and chose to back down
-A year later 1899 the French promised to stay out of Nile Valley in return for territory further west

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16
Q

Other than Egypt’s initial agreement in 1899, what other agreement was made?

A

An agreement to establish Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Kitchener appointed as first Governor-General of Sudan, officially ruling in name of Khedive of Egypt

17
Q

What reforms did Kitchener introduced after his new position in 1899?

A

He set up Gordon College to train young Sudanese men to run their own British attempts to create a modern government, introducing new laws and establish a system of taxation for the first time in country’s history, angering the Sudanese people

18
Q

The new taxation caused conflict with multiple tribes refused to renounce customs and pay taxes, what happened as a result of this conflict?

A

A total of 33 expeditions were launched by the British to force tribesmen to accept the new order and rebellious natives often treated brutally. Mahdist uprising were throughout 1900-1908 and in 1908 the British used public hangings to make an example of the rebels (no trial offered)

19
Q

Name an example of economic development in Sudan in the early 1900s…

A

In the Nile Valley - telegraph and railway lines were extended to link key areas in northern Sudan and Port Sudan opened in 1906 as the country’s principal outlet to the sea

20
Q

What happened in Sudan through the 1920s?

A

-1920’s saw nationalism grow in the Sudan such as United Tribes Society 1921
-1922 Egypt gained its independence from Empire, however British maintained government in Sudan - since position was based on Egyptain claims on the region (acknowledged by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium) conflict as a result
-1924 the WFL formed, dedicated to removing British from Sudan, followed by anti-British demonstrations in Khartoum and Sir Lee Stack assassinated by nationalists in Cairo.

21
Q

How did the British react to nationalism in the 1920s Sudan?

A

Violent reprisals - A Sudanese battalion who mutinied in support of Egypt were annihilated, all Egyptian forces in the Sudan also removed
As a result - British control of the Sudan remained essentially unchallenged until after ww2