Subtest1 Flashcards
Writing style of the Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia
Cuneiform wedge writing
Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia Agriculture
Constructed complex systems of irrigation; expanded farm land.
A city-state is
a self-governing entity. City-states were known for what tey specialize in
Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia Governing System
City-state with an agricultural economy. Loose coalitions.
Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia rivers
Tigris and Euphrates; Fertile Crescent.
Semites language
Hebrew or Arabic
Sumer was conquered by
The Semites
Hammurabi was the sixth King of
Babylon from 1792 BC – 1750 BC
Writing style of the Ancient Babylonians of Mesopotamia
Scribes dictated in Acadian
Ancient Babylon of Mesopotamia STEM
360 degree circle and 60 minute hour.
Ziggurats
served as temples, storehouses, and meeting places.
Center of Babylon culture and religion
Ziggurat
Ancient Babylon of Mesopotamia STEM
Astrology
Ancient Babylon of Mesopotamia Religion
Polytheistic; King God Marduk.
Ancient Babylon of Mesopotamia History
Scribes recorded culture on clay tablets.
Ancient Babylon of Mesopotamia Governing System
Simple capital and a single city state ruled over region with a centralized government.
Hittitities Conquest
Much of Northern Mesopotamia and Asia Minor; much of Middle East
Babylonian STEM
iron smelting, chariots, and bronze.
Hittites Military
Known for their use of bronze, chariots, and effective military tactics.
Hittites Demise
The capital Hattusa burned around 1200 BC; eventually migrated west to flee the growing power of the Greeks. This led to the fall of the capital city.
Bronze Age Advantage
Civilizations that had these technologies could often conquer those who didn’t
Ancient Phoenicia of Mesopotamia Economy
Maritime; sold throughout the Mediterranean and gained a lot of wealth due to their seafaring trade culture.
Ancient Phoenicia of Mesopotamia Language
Development of one of the first alphabets; 22 consonants. Later adopted by the Greeks, who added vowels. Alphabet was later adopted by the greater part of the western world.
Why was Phoenicia called the ‘Land of Purple’
They created a purple dye that was very rare and very expensive. It was reserved primarily for the wealthy.
Ancient Phoenicia of Mesopotamia Religion
Polytheistic; mythological creatures revolved around the sea in this culture.
Collapse of Ancient Phoenicia of Mesopotamia
Eventually fell under control of Hittites and Assyrians and their society collapsed and was conquered.
Ancient Assyria of Mesopotamia Major Accomplishments
Known for their vast highway systems, extensive library, and postal system.
Ancient Assyria of Mesopotamia Military
organized army and fighting formations, good weapons, similar government system. Romans of Asia.
Ancient Assyria of Mesopotamia Laws
Harsh laws and harsh punishment
New Babylon was founded by __________ in 700-500 BC.
Chaldeans
New Babylon of Mesopotamia STEM
Astrology; believed the study of stars could be used to predict the future.
Nebuchadnezzar was the king of
Babylon 1125-1104BC
New Babylon of Mesopotamia Architecture
Known for its architectural achievements and hanging gardens.
Persian Empire of Mesopotamia Conquest
Attempted to unify the entire Near East.. conquered Mesopotamia, western Asia, large portions of Arab peninsula, part of Egypt, and Northern Africa.
Persian Empire of Mesopotamia Military Failure
Tried on a few different occasions to conquer Greece but were pushed back. They were never able to entirely conquer Greece but made some penetrations
Battle of Thermopylae
Small group of Spartan soldiers held off the Persians.
Known as the Land of Assyrians
Persian Empire
Persian Empire of Mesopotamia Religion
Practiced Zoroastrianism, an ethics based religion that looked at how we should live our lives, which differed from others at the time. Lots of nature gods
Ancient Egypt is called the gift of the Nile because because
it has regular annual floods that irrigated land.
Nile transportation benefits
Nile flows North but wind typically blows South. Sail south, flow north.
Ancient Egypt Geography
Located in the Fertile Crescent. To the north the Mediterranean Sea, to the east the Red Sea, to the west the Nile, and the South and West the world’s largest desert Sahara. Sinai Peninsula only point of entry to Nile.
Ankh
is the symbol of eternal life.
Advantages of Sinai Peninsula
it is a very narrow region that could be easily defended against invaders.
Pharaoh
living personification of Horus
Religion of Ancient Egypt
Polytheistic; Rah, Anubis, Osiris
Dead Pharaohs bodies were preserved because
it was believed they would need their bodies in the afterlife, so they would need to preserve it as well as all of his servants.
Purpose of Pyramids
A place for the Pharaoh to live out his afterlife undisturbed.
Pyramid construction theories
Constructed from the inside-out, bottom-up, or using a dummy-weight system.
Kush Independence
Won their freedom from Egypt 1070 BC. For a lot of its history it was conquered and incorporated into Egypt. They later conquered Egypt for a period.
Kush Geography
Region south of Egypt. Along the upper Nile river valley.
Kush Culture
Kush was a place of cultural and economic exchange. Assimilated cultural ideas from around the world to create their own unique cultural (art, writing system, and gods).
Dynasties in China were described as
periods of unity
Zhou Dynasty. (ca. 1050–256 B.C.) Western Zhou. …
Qin Dynasty. (221–206 B.C.) Qin Shihuangdi. …
Han Dynasty. (206 B.C.–220 A.D.) Western (former) Han. …
Six Dynasties. (220–589) A.D. Three Kingdoms. …
Sui Dynasty. (581–618) Wendi. …
Tang Dynasty. (618–906) Gaozu. …
Five Dynasties. (907–960) Later Liang. …
Song Dynasty. (960–1279) Northern Song.
Shang Dynasty
First dynasty before this small tribes.
Chou Dynasty
Came from the west, east remained fragmented. Began foundations for Great Wall by building small unconnected walls.
Ch’in Dynasty
One of the first to establish a strong central government that encompassed the whole of China. Accomplishments were legalism and the completion of the Great Wall of China.
Legalism in China
Legalism was the idea that there was a strict set of laws for governing society. First responsibility was to society and filling your role.
Han Dynasty
A time of great prosperity with active trade routes to Europe. Politics were influenced by Confucianism. Buddhism was introduced from India to China.
Sui Dynasty
Dealt largely with 3 warring states within China. Was able to reunite them briefly. Accomplishment was the Grand Canal.
Tang Dynasty
300 year period of prosperity; art and culture flourished
Sung Dynasty
Accomplishments: early ripening rice, gunpowder, magnetic compass, and moveable typeset for printng
Silk Road
The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.
Trading along the Silk Road
usually traders would do portions at a time, so traders would be stationed along the way.
Chinese Silk
The process was kept a secret from the west for a time. Exported to the Middle East and all over Europe. They used worm cocoons.
Three major religions of China
Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.
Buddhism
Emphasized the middle path and the release of all cares as a route to nirvana. Self-denying living a simple basic life. Created by Siddhartha Garma.
Confucianism
Focused on the importance of people’s roles in society and coupled with the doctrine of legalism, largely formed the foundations of Chinese culture and politics.Roles in society, permitted the overthrow of leaders who weren’t doing their part in society.
Taoism
emphasized a natural way of living and connectedness to the universe.
Greece Maritime
Dominated the Argan sea, and to a large extent the Mediterranean.
Greek Literature
Seafaring journeys and battles were common themes in Greek Literature. Iliad and the Odyssey.
Greek Religion
Polytheistic; Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Aphrodite, Hades, and Ares are examples of their Gods.
Examples of Greek City-States
Athena and Sparta
Examples of Early Greek Civilizations
Minoans and Mycenaeans
Sparta Governing system
A totalitarian state ruled by a king.
Spartan Culture
known for being militaristic and emphasizing physical and emotional strength above all else. Gave greater rights and liberties to women. Practiced Eugenics.
Greece Accomplishments
Known for being a democracy and monumentally influential in modern western politics, art, and architecture.
To ensure physical superiority Spartans practiced
Eugenics
Who united against Persia in the Persian Wars
Athens, Sparta, and other Greek city-states.
Athens and Sparta turned against each other in what war
The 13 year Peloponnesian War
During the Hellenic Age, Alexander the Great of Macedonia united what two civilizations
Greek and Persia
This civilization emerged as the dominant world power after the Punic Wars with Carthage
The Roman Republic
Society in the Roman Republic was divided into what 3 categories
Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves
Under the Republic, the seat of Roman government was
the Senate
The first emperor of the Roman Empire
Augustus
Roman Republic achievements
aqueducts, coliseum, and other architecture.
In 286 the Roman Republic was divided into
East and West
Roman leader who legalized Christianity in 313
Constantine
Factors that led to the decline of the Roman Republic
Political instability, mercenary armies, inflation, excessive taxation, decreased agricultural production, barbarian invasions and division over Christianity.
These two classical civilizations existed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire
Justinian Code is the law code of the
Roman Empire
The collapse of the Western Roman Empire led to
European society becoming fragmented into small regions ruled by lods and the knights who served them.
Manorialism
political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord.
Feudalism
political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord.
Established the first lasting monotheistic religion
Hebrew civilization
Jews originally lived in
Canaan
Under leadership of Joseph, the Jews moved to
Egypt
Under the leadership of this historical/biblical figure the Jews fled Egypt
Moses
The teaching of Moses were written down to form the
Torah
Around 1000 BC the 12 tribes united under
Saul
The death of Solomon resulted in
Hebrew civilization splitting into Israel and Judah
Conflict between Hebrew civilization and Rome
Led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of many Jews
This civilization was known as the Harappan Civilization during it’s mature phase
The Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization Accomplishments
its advance culture, historical contributions, precise scientific measurement system, and graceful bronze and terracotta sculptures.
Laid the foundations of early Hinduism
The Vedic Period
Hinduism
is a diverse belief system which spans the gamut of monotheism, polytheism, and pantheism
Caste System
a rigid social structure that divided the population into four distinct castes, which are believed to have emerged from the Varnas of Purusha
India’s open geography
led to waves of invasions from Central Asia and surrounding areas.
During the 1200s medieval China fell under the control of
the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world.
Ruled the Mongol Empire during the 1200s
Genghis Khan
During the Ming Dynasty, 1300-1600
The Mongols were ousted, and China practiced an isolationist
Early Japan borrowed heavily from
Chinese politics and culture
During the Heian Era (800-1200 AD)
Japan began to develop a distinct identity.
In Feudal Japan, the majority of power was vested in
the Shogun, a military ruler who was usually chosen from amongst the daimyo. The Emperor held little real power.
Daimyo were served by the
Samurai
Daimyo were
powerful Japanese feudal lords who, until their decline in the early Meiji period, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings
During the Tokugawa period
Japan practiced extreme isolationism.
In Africa, seaports and international trade gave rise to
various city-states along the eastern coast where cultures such as Swahili thrived.
Zimbabwe Economic Resource
The gold trade helped them become a strong kingdom.
Western Africa was heavily influenced by
Islam, created a set of moral rules, brought a boom in trade due to this.
Berbers
a nomadic people of northern Africa whose origin extends as far back as ancient times.
Berbers alt. names
Libyans, Mauri, and Moors. Romans called them Moors.
The Muslim Conquest (600-700 AD)
also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. united the Arab Peninsula under Islam.
Muhammad
is considered the prophet of Islam and his teachings form the basis for the Koran.
Caliphs
the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. Ruled Arabia from 600-1900AD through the Ottoman rulers.
Turkish people, Ottomans
conquered and started installing their own rulers
Sultans
soverign Muslim leader or King; Turkish.
