CN Flashcards
Both Egypt and Mesopotamia were
Bureaucratically administered state
Mycenaeans
Developed a flourishing culture as a direct result of trade and commerce on the Aegean Sea.
Indian civilization developed around the
Indus River Valley in 2500BC.
The principal objective of Russia’s desire to expand in the direction of the Ottoman Empire was to
Gain permanent access to the Mediterranean Sea.
Absolutionism
the absolute rule of monarchs with unlimited power.
What economic system would best facilitate the theories of Social Darwinism
Capitalism, viewed society as a struggle for existence only the fittest survive.
During the colonization of America Spain settled in
The southwest of North America and Florida.
During the colonization of America, France settled in
Mississippi, Louisiana territory, the Great Lakes, and Canada.
During the colonization of America, England settled in
The Atlantic coast below Canada
During the colonization of America, Netherlands settled in
Hudson River Valley
American Revolution, 1774
First continental congress met to protest the intolerable acts.
American Revolution, 1773
Boston Tea Party
American Revolution, 1765
Stamp Act
Power not written in Consitution but exercised by the Supreme Court as early as 1803 is
Judicial Review refers to the power of the federal court to interpret the Constitution and declare acts of Congress as illegal.
Person who proposed a series of laws designed to protect the emerging economy; south’s agricultural interest.
Alexander Hamilton
The North East, in the War of 1812
Viewed the war as a landgrab by western war hawks who wanted to obtain Canada for the US
Doctron of Nullification
proposed by John Calhoun which allowed a state to nullify an act of congress.
Party created in 1789
Federalist
Party created in 1824
Democratic
Party created in 1832
WHIG
Party created in 1854
Republican
Barbed wire had the most revolutionary impact on
The economic development of the American West in the 19th century allowed homesteaders to fence off land to prevent roaming cattle from destroying crops.
From 1840-1880 appx 10 million people immigrated to the U.S. largely from
Northern and Western Europe
Legal basis for the U.S. obtained CA from Mexico in 1848
Treaty to end the Mexican War
The discovery of gold in California, in 1848 and resulting statehood resulted in a change to the political landscape of the US because
There was a temporary resolution to the free state/slave state controversy.
Native Californias lived near
the Central Valley and Western Slopes of the Sierra Nevada
With the election of Hiram Johnson as governor of California, the Progressive Movement failed to achieve reforms in
the passage of civil rights legislation.
Californian who became the President of the United States
Richard Nixon, the 36th POTUS, was born in Yorba Linda.
California state bird
California valley quail
California state flower
California golden poppy
California state tree
California redwood
California state freshwater fish
California golden trout
The impact of post-WWII decade, 1940-1950, in California
the war years were a period of extraordinary population growth, comparable to the impact of the Gold Rush in 1849.
The Octopus (1901), by Frank Norris
desribes the negative impact of monopolies on the lives of many California citizens in the railroad industry.
The 1947 US District Court decision in Mendez v. Westminister School District of Orange County, California
paved the way for the 1954 historic Brown v. Topeka Board of Education descion. Gonzales Mendez sued in federal court to allow his children to attend an “all-white” school in Orange Country rather than the designated school for Mexican-American children. It ended de jure (by law) segregation of Mexican-American students in public education.
Ancient Civilization residing in Southwest Asia, Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Mesopotamia
Ancient Civilization residing in Northeastern Africa, Banks of Nile River, Mediterranean and Red Seas
Egypt
Ancient Civilization residing in Southern Asia, Indus and Ganges rivers and Arabian Sea
India
Ancient Civilization residing in East Asia, Yellow River
China
Cultural contributions associated with the ancient Near East
the first system of indepedent states
the first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics)
the first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramid)
the first lasting monotheism
the beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy
the first codification of law
Achievements of the Sumerians (3500-3000BC)
the creators of Mesopotamian civilization.
Material progress included large-scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of mathematics, and the invention of the wheel. The ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury.
Achievements of the Babylonians (2300-1750BC)
conquered Sumer and established a new empire.
The code of Hammurabi was the first universal written codification of laws in recorded history (c. 1750BC). Babylonian achievements included a centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry.
Achievements of the Hittites (2000-1200 BC)
conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting which revolutionized warfare.
Achievements of the Assyrians (911-550BC)
created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism. Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Assyrica created a centralized government, a postaal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.
Achievements of the Chaldeans (605-538BC)
established the New Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Achievements of the Persians (500BC)
attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule. Persia established an international government. Zorastrianism was an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331BC).
Achievements of the Phoenicians
became the first explorers traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 BC. Invented the first true alphabet. Dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple).
Achievements of the Lydians (500BC)
Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King). They were responsible for the first coinage of money.
Achievements of the Israelites
established the first lasting monotheism. Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010BC). After the death of Soloman (922BC), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah). Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586BC). The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diasopoea AD 132-135)
Ancient Greek geography
included the islands and lands surrounding the Aegean Sea. Its rugged landscape of mountains and valleys, as well as the scattered islands of the sea, led to the development of independent city-states rather than one unified empire.
The Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic civilization introduced
innovation in the arts, architecture, literature, philosophy, and government that continue their foundational role in Western civilization up to the present day.
Greek civilizations contributions to Literature
Epic poetry (The Iliad; The Odyssey); Plays (drama, tragedy, comedy)
Greek civilizations contributions to History
Herodotus (The Persian Wars); Thucydides (The Peloponnesian War)
Greek civilizations contributions to Arts
Theatre, sculpture, decorative pottery
Greek civilizations contributions to Government
Democracy (Athens), Oligarchy (Sparta), Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great)
Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys
The scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece.
The southern mainland, with adequate agricultural resources, relied on farming.
The Aegean background Minoan Civilization
The Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 BC) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
The Aegean background Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean Civilization (c.2000-1150 BC) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade warfare.
The Dorians
conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a “dark age” characterized by violence and instability (c. 1150-800BC)
Iona
the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization
Direct democracy was established by
Athens (c. 507 BC)
The Age of Pericles (460-429 BC) represented
the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy.
Became a world commercial center and cosmopolitian city
Athens
Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system
Sparta
Established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of Greek culture with the East)
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)
Alexander conquered
Persia, Asian Minor, and Egypt and established a world empire
Replaced the polis (city-state) as the form of government
Bureaucracy
Greeks founded
most of the major philosophical schools established the systematic basis for the scientific method and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce.
Established democracy and a system of law to improve society
Greek civilization
Greeks dominated in
architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and the performing arts.
Roman contributions to law
Rule of law/equality before the law
Civil and contract law codes
Roman contributions to engineering and architecture
Concrete, arch, roman roads, monumental buildings, aqueducts, and cisterns
Roman contributions to culture
history, literature: Virgil (The Aeneid), Ovid (Metamorphoses), Rhetoric
The Roman Republic (509-527 BC) started after
Etruscan control was overthrown
Roman society was divided into
the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves
The Roman government was based on
consuls, the Senate, and the Centurial Assembly
The Roman army became
the most powerful military organization in the world.
After the Punic Wars with Carthage (146 BC)
Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
Romes expansion resulted in
a world republic
The first emperor of the Roman Empire (27 BC)
Augustus
The Roman Empire lasted
five centuries
The Pax Romana (Roman peace)
were two centuries without a major war (27 BC - c. AD 180)
Under Constantine
the Roman Empire was split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empire
Barbarians invasions
by the Goths, Vandals, and Huns devastated Rome, and it fell in A.D. 476.
Cause for the fall of the Rome
The immediate cause was the continuous barbaric invasion
Internal factors for the fall of Rome
included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries.
The rise of Christianity divided what empire
the Roman Empire
Roman contributions to the western world
its greatest contribution was in the field of law.
Romans revolutionized
building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads)
Roman civilization passed on
monumental architecture (the Colosseum, aqueducts, and so on)
The Romans continued the Greek tradition in
literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities.
Jesus of Nazareth taught
compassion for the poor and downtrodden
The Holy Bible was emphasized as
the word of God, the sacreaments as instruments aof God’s grace, and the importance of a moral life for salavation
Paul the Apostle was responsible for
the spread of Christian theology and the ressulting response from the Roman Empire.
St. Augustine (AD 354-430)
became the first great Christian philosopher; he wrote Confessions and the City of God.
How long did the Roman Empire last
5 centuries
Christianity was established as the official religion of what empire in AD 380
Roman
Constantinople was established as
“New Romen in the East on the ruins of ancient Byzantium.
What religion divided Rome
Christianity
Byzantine Civilization lasted
from AD 476 to AD 1453.
Byzantine economics
prosperity was based on domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
Byzantine diplomacy
used to avoid invasions, and were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome.
Preserved Greek language and cultural accomplishments Center for world trade and cultural exchange Justinian Code (Roman law) Greek Orthodox, focused on art and the glorification of Christianity
Byzantine accomplishments
The Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528-56)
strengthened bureaucracy in the Byzantine empire
The fall of Constantinople
marked the end of the Byzantine Empire
Religious controversy in Byzantine Empire
a factor in their decline, and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church
Geographic proximity to who led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire
Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful.
The first American Indians originated from
Asia; crossed over the Bering Sea land bridge to the Americas.
Meso American Civilizations
Olmec, Maya, Aztec
South American Civilization
Inca
Olmec Civilization
1200-400BC South-Central Mexico
Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone); monumental sculpture (colossal heads)
Maya Civilization
AD 250-900 Yucatan Peninsula
Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas; sophisticated art, monumental architecture (Tikal and Palenque), mathematical and astronomical systems
Aztec Civilization
AD 1325-1521 Central Mexico
Rich mythological and religious traditions. Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples, and palaces). Artistically advanced.
Inca Civilization
AD 1200-1533 Northwest coastal and inland region of South America (Peru)
Engineering/architecture (Machu Piccho, stone construction, extensive road system linking empire.
Types of disease Spanish gave to Indigenous
Smallpox, typhus, measles
Aztecs in 1521
conquered by Coretes
Inca in 1533
conquered by PPizzaro
Spanish conqueror Columbus invaded
West Indies; the Bahamas in 1492
Spanish conqueror Balboa invaded
Panama in 1513
Spanish conqueror Pizzaro invaded
Mexico in 1519
Portuguese conqueror Cabral invaded
Brazil in 1500
French conqueror de Champlain invaded
Canada (Quebec) in 1608
British conqueror Virginia Co. invaded
Jamestown (Virginia) in 1607
Dutch conqueror Hudson invaded
New York (New Netherlands)
New England Economy
Shipbuilding, fisheries, commerce, lumbering, small-scale manufacturing
Middle Colonies Economy
Large-scale corn and grain production, commerce, small-scale manufacturing
Southern Colonies Economy
Cash crop farming, tobacco, indigo, rice, no measurable manufacturing
1763 Proclamation Act banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonist and led to
Colonist viewed this as an attempt by the British to deny colonists the right to own land where they pleased. Most colonists ignored the act.
1764 Sugar Act import duties on sugar and other items were imposed and led to
Colonist raised the issue of “taxation without representation.” Boston merchants started a boycott of British luxury goods.
1765 Stamp Act imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed materials and led to
1) “Sons of Liberty” used violence and intimidation against British stamp agents; 2) The Stamp Act Congress sent a petition to King George III; 3) The boycott extended to include all British goods.
1770 Boston Massacre a Boston mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd and led to
The Townshend Acts repealed and all duties on imports into the colonies were eliminated except for tea.
1773 Tea Act maintained import tax on tea and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly allowing it to undersell American merchants and led to
Colonist activist disguising themselves as Indians and dumped their cargo of tea into the harbor (“Boston Tea Party”)
1774 Coercive Acts (“Intolerable Acts”) shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts, and created the New Quartering Act for all colonies and led to
“First Continental Congress” met and called for
1) noncompliance with Coercive Acts
2) formation of militias; and 3) a boycott of and embargo on exports to Britian
1775 Lexington and Concord British troops searched out militia weapons depts to destroy them and led to
George Washington was appointed the commander of the colonial army.
Battle of Bunker Hill 1775
British victory, British took the hill but suffered huge losses compared to the Americans. Amercans proved they could stand up to the British
Battle of Princeton 1777
American victory; encouraged the French government to send supplies to the Americans. In England support for the war declined.
Battle of Trenton 1776
Battle of Trenton 1776American victory; victorius surprised attack on Hessian forces rallied American spirit and confidence in Washinton’s leadership.
Battle of Saratoga 1777
American victory; France and Spain declared war on Britiain. Further weakened the British government under Lord North
Battle of York town 1781
American victory; British recognized the independence of the United States of America.
Powers of Congress
The power to tax, declare war, make treaties, etc. Regulate trade, mint, and distribute a single currency; declare war. Impose tariffs and establish immigration laws. The power to tax, borrow money, and maintain the military forces of the nation.
The Great Compromise
Created a bicameral, or two-house, Congress to balance the interests and influence of large and small states.
Representatives apportioned based on the size of their population
House of Representatives
All states are granted 2
Senate
Bill of Rights / Tenth Amendment
Added to protect the rights of individuaals and safeguarge the sovereignty of the states over their own affairs.
Nicolaus Copernicus (Astronomer)
Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe. Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun0centered) theory
Galileo Galilei (Mathematician, physicist, astronomer)
With a telescope provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus,. Phases of Venus, four moons of Jupiter.
Johannes Kepler (Mathematician, astronomer)
Man could understand God’s intelligible plan through application of reason. “Three Laws of Planetary Motion”- mathematical calculatiions regarding planetary orbits thaht supported heliocentric theory”
Isaac Newton (Mathematician, physicist, astronomer)
Laws of motion and universal gravitation. Laws of gravity proved the force of Earth’s gravity on the orbit of the moon. Applied to all planets; provided final proof of heliocentric theory.
The Age of Enlightenment 1700-1789
The disintegration of traditional feudal loyalities, the rise of powerful monarchies, and the collapse of a single religious doctrine caused European intellectuals to think about new ways to unify and govern nation-states. Scientific revolution.
Napolean and the First Empire (1804-1815)
Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government. Promotions were based on ability. No tax exemptions allowed for lineage.
French Revolution causes
inequitable class structure, a disorganized legal system, no representative assembly, the bankruptcy of the French treasury, and enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class.
Reasons for Protestant Reformation
Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones; humanism emphasized man’s needs and concerns; the printing press allowed mass communication.
Effects of Protestant reformation
the medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism. The authority of the state was strengthened. The middle class was strengthened. Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base. Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times.
Humanism
Progress through rational thought. Universal nature of the human condition. Stressed the importance of the individual.
Secularism
Writing of the Greek and roman philosophers and commentaries of their worls. Free politics and governance from Church control.
Realism and Formalism
Art that emphasized the lives of everdaay people; realistic rather than idealized depictions. Architecture based on Greek and Romansforms
The Renaissance (c. 1350-1600)
Initiated in the trade-enriched, independent city-states of Italy, the revival of intellectualism, literature, philosophy, and artistic achievements known as the Renaissance spread westward into northern Europe
Key provisions in England’s Magna Carta (1215)
King’s authority limited by law
Rights of the king’s subjected declared (i.e. habeas corpus) Respect for legal procedures
Modern influence of England’s Magna Carta (1215)
Constitutionalism, individual rights, due process of the law.
