Subsystems of Language - Morphology Flashcards
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What are the prosodic features?
Pitch - high or low
Intonation - rise and fall
Stress - emphasis on sounds
Tempo - speed of speech
What is Elision?
Omission of a sound in connected speech.
e.g. ‘Cos, ‘Em
What is Vowel Reduction?
Similar to elision, but vowels in unstressed positions get reduced to a schwa (ə).
e.g. And becomes ‘n’
What is Assimilation?
When a sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound.
What is Insertion?
Addition of sounds where they don’t belong.
e.g. Drawing becomes Drawring
What is Non-Fluency?
Natural pauses, filled pauses, and hesitations.
e.g. Ahh, Uhm, Err, Stutter
What is Openings/Closings?
Patterned speech, typical opening and closing.
e.g. “Hi, how are you?” -> “Good, you?” -> “See you later!”
What are Adjacency Pairs?
Turns in the conversation that relate, like questions and answers.
e.g. “So hot right?” -> “Unbearable mate.”
What are Interrogative Tags?
Tags at the end of a statement that turns it into a question.
e.g. “Such a bad day, isn’t it?”
What is Overlapping Speech?
Overlap in conversations, transcribed with brackets.
e.g. Look man, I really didn’t [know] [I don’t care]
What are Discourse Particles?
Fillers inserted into speech for any purpose, also known as hedging.
e.g. sort of, kind of, just, I think, like
What is Morphology?
The study of the structure of words.
What are Morphemes?
Individual parts of the words that carry meaning; an unit of meaning.
What are Free Morphemes?
They can stand alone as a word and convey meaning.
e.g. Toast.
What are Root Morphemes?
A free morpheme that’s the base of a word which has other morphemes added to it.
e.g. Toaster -> “Toast” is the free morpheme.
What are Bound Morphemes?
Can’t stand alone, they are attached to root morphemes.
e.g. Toaster -> “-er” is the bound morpheme.
What is Affixation?
The process of how bound morphemes are attached to words.
What is an Inflectional Morpheme?
They change the tense or plurality of a word, to make it grammatically correct. They are always suffixes.
e.g. Pen -> Pens
What is a Derivational Morpheme?
They change the meaning and/or word class of a word. They can be suffixes or prefixes.
e.g. Quiet -> Quietly
Neologism
Newly coined words, expressions, or usages.
e.g. “Bedazzle” coined by Shakespeare
Blends
Words produced by using parts of two words and making a new word.
e.g. “Bromance” -> “Brother” and “Romance”
Initialisms
Beginning letters of words in a sequence that are said instead of the whole word.
e.g. RSPCA, RACV, FBI, CIA
Acronyms
Similar to initialisms, but the letters are pronounced together to make a new word.
e.g SCUBA, ANZAC, LASER
Shortenings
Sometimes called reductions. Invovles dropping the endings of words.
e.g “Gymnasium” -> “Gym”
