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Psychopathology > Substance use disorders > Flashcards

Substance use disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Drug?

A

A drug is any substance – solid, liquid, or gas – that brings about physical and / or psychological changes
– excludes food / water

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2
Q

Three main types of drugs?

A

– stimulants
– depressants
– hallucinogens

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3
Q

2 types of effects when talking about a drug?

A

Specific effect (specific to each drug) and general addiction effects (important in the nature of addiction across different substances).

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4
Q

Stimulants serve to

A

Speed up the central nervous system/arousal and the messages going between the brain and the body

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5
Q

Examples of stimulants

A

Caffeine, nicotine, ephedrine, amphetamines

(including speed and ice), cocaine, and ecstasy

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6
Q

Effects of stimulants when you only have lower levels?

A

positive euphoric effect, arousal, sleeplessness, tremor

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7
Q

Effects of stimulants when you have higher levels:

A

panic, anger, anxiety attacks, psychotic effects, delusions and extreme cases can be convulsions and ultimately death.

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8
Q

Depressants serve to

A

Slow down the functions of the central nervous system/ suppress or reduce activity, and the messages going between the brain and body.

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9
Q

Examples of depressants

A

Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, Cannabis, opioids (including heroin, methadone, codeine, morphine, and pethidine)

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10
Q

Low doses of depressants and their effects

A

relaxation, reduced inhibition

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11
Q

High doses of depressants and their effects

A

drowsiness, sleepiness, suppression of bodily effects like respiration, heart rate etc. of and extreme cases anaesthesia/go into coma.

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12
Q

hallucinogens serve to?

A

Distort a person’s perception of reality, time and space

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13
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, Psilocybin (magic mushrooms), Mescaline, PCP

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14
Q

Low doses of hallucinogens effects

A

Mainly perceptual distortions in space, time, imagery, largely pleasant effect.

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15
Q

High doses of hallucinogens effects

A

Irrational behaviour, extreme anxiety, depression, psychosis

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16
Q

Tolerance is

A

Decreasing effect from a substance following
repeated administration

E.g. you use heroin, each time you take it, the effect gets less and less. You need more of the drug to get the same high or same effects.

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17
Q

Cross-tolerance is

A

Tolerance to one substance results in increased tolerance for a related substance

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18
Q

Withdrawal is

A

Series of signs and symptoms resulting from elimination of a substance from the body

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19
Q

Intoxication

A

Acute effects of a specific substance, generally reversible and short term

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20
Q

Substance ABUSE is

A

Maladaptive pattern of substance use resulting in
impairment or distress

lower level of substance disorder, primarily manifests in interference in life e.g. causing distress, interfering with work or school.

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21
Q

Substance DEPENENCE is

What effects does it involve

A

– Continued use of substance despite obvious problems
– generally involves physical effects such as tolerance, withdrawal

(continued use of substance when you don’t want to, loss of control).

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22
Q

What is an actual substance use DISORDER?

Commonly involves loss of c…….?

A

Repeated, recurrent use despite impact on work, social life, and/or physical danger.
Loss of control over substance use–e.g. failed attempts to stop or cut down, giving up things to use or obtain substance, using more than intended.

23
Q

What effects from those terms we learnt underpin a substance use DISORDER?

A

Psycho-physiological effects such as withdrawal syndrome, tolerance, craving

24
Q

Drug use in Australia, most commonly abused and used drug?

A

Alcohol. Then tobacco, then cannabis. Then the typical ones people often think about are a small proportion of drug use e.g. ecstasy, heroin etc.

25
Q

What drug has the largest social and economic impact in world?

A

Tobacco

26
Q

Prevalence of dsm substance use disorders over 12 month period?

A

2-5% of population will meet criteria in past 12 months

27
Q

Prevalence of lifetime substance use disorder?

A

10-20% will show a lifetime prevalence of some substance use disorder (someone has a disorder somewhere in their life).

28
Q

Demographics of substance disorder?

Gender, age, relationship?, SES, specific populations?

A

• More males
• Young
– Age of onset - M~19 yr, Rare after 25 yr
• Single
• Low SES
• Specific populations – Aboriginal, Prison, Psychiatric

29
Q

If George has an alcohol abuse disorder, elias is …. times more likely to also have one.

Is the risk only for the substance that george abused?

A

4x more likely to abuse alcohol/have more alcohol related problems like marital problems, prison involvements, drink driving charges.

NO. Risk not just for alcohol but other SUD, not just substance specific factor passed on, but a general risk towards substance use disorders.

30
Q

Variance that genetics account for in inheriting substance abuse disorders?

A

40-60% of variance accounted for. Genes inheritable. A little bit more heritable than say anxiety and depression. But less for schizophrenia.

31
Q

Influence of a shared environment? contributes to what?

A

Onset of alcohol abuse predicted more by shared environment, and maintenance by environment.

32
Q

So what is inherited?

1) Personality

A
  • Personality – high impulsivity, risk-taking, High neuroticism, high emotionality people who are at greater risk.
  • High arousal, anxiety

(We know that both of those personality traits have heritability. →both may confer some risk to SUD)

33
Q

So what is inherited?

2) Sensitivity to effects both + and -

A
  • Increased sensitivity to positive effects of substance – more active reward pathways e.g. get more of a buzz
  • Decreased sensitivity to negative effects E.g. less hangovers →greater risk of abuse.
34
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

3 steps it leads to, what is it central in, do ppl with substance disorders have active or dormant

A 
Mesolimbic pathway (from ventral tegmental which releases DOPAMINE TO the nucleus accumbens TO the prefrontal cortex. 
(key factor is amt of dopamine released)

Central in reward system!
Related to more positive or active learning about the nature of rewarding systems. More active in ppl who are vulnerable to substance disorders.

35
Q

Whats the role of GABA in the reward system?

A

gamma amino bieuretic acid: inhibits release of dopamine. ie. stopssss the reward process

36
Q

How do most drugs of abuse effects work?
There are 2 key ways we’ve been through
hint dopamine

A

Most types of drugs all have their effects either by increasing dopamine activity, or reducing GABA activity.

37
Q

General involvement of other biochemicals?

A

Also involvement of acetylcholine, Noradrenaline, glutamate, endogenous opioids, and 5HT (serotonin)

38
Q

TASK CARD

A

Open the image of a diagram saved in substance disorder folder. Look over it. Now try drawing it yourself!

39
Q

….% of world’s population drink ….% of the world’s alcohol.

A

20% of world’s population drink 80% of the world’s alcohol. Substance use disorders vary dramatically across social and cultural factors. Unequal distribution.

40
Q

Availability of drugs influenced by

(five factors) $, @, #, ^, +

A

o Influenced by wealth.
o Proximity/access: if you have a drug dealer down the corner more likely to abuse substances.
o Cultural attitudes
o Practical influence of local laws. E.g. when laws prohibit drugs it reduces availability.
o Religious beliefs

41
Q

How might parents influence onset and frequency of substance use?

A

– Availability
– Attitudes/ expectancies E.g if parents make it easier through their attitudes as well. Parents also influence child’s expectancies.
– Behaviours/ associations e.g. Cues related to substance abuse may be established in home as a result of parents.

42
Q

well-run longitudinal studies of alcohol consumption in teens, they found that parenting factors influencing alcohol use in adolescents are..

5 again lol

A

– Availability of alcohol at home – Parental modelling of use – Parent monitoring parents e.g. aware of when and how much their kids are drinking – Parent-child relationship – General communication e.g. greater communication, less likely to abuse alcohol the stronger their relationship.

43
Q

TAKE A LOAD OFF CARD!

A

RELAX a lil’ :)

44
Q

What are two personality factors that may increase risk?

A

Anxiousness (for females)
Role controversial – may be causal at onset but later become consequence

Externalised/Impulsivity (for males ) –> increase risk of earlier onset. MORE likely to be POLYSUBSTANCE USERS (use across drugs) unlike other personality type (more just one).

45
Q

Does alcohol abuse lead to anxiety, or is it used by those who are anxious to self-medicate?

A

Mixed evidence here.
Evidence against self-medication: alcohol increases anxiety.
Self medication may be imp for onset of disorder, but eventually once they drink a lot, alcohol perpetuates their anxiety.

46
Q

What is the opponent-process theory by
Solomon and Corbett?

(define A and B state,

A
  • Drug elicits a direct effect – A-state
  • Body responds with opposite effects to counteract – B-state
  • A-state is rapid and brief. B-state is slower and longer.
  • B-state grows in speed and intensity with continued use.
  • B-state can condition to external cues

can start to trigger only b state through learned association e.g. look at syringe you use to shoot up you’ll have a b state not an a state= can explain tolerance effects and cravings.

47
Q

What is the classical conditioning model?

(A state and B state / opponent process theory continued).

A
  • Positive effects and especially compensatory effects of substance can condition to external cues
  • Thus common cues of drug use (e.g. Environment, people, tools) will elicit increasing compensation before effects of substance are experienced

elicit compensation effects (bstate) before you start using the substance →relates again to tolerance and craving.

48
Q

PREDICTIONS FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL, true or false?

• Drug associated cues should elicit craving and withdrawal

A

TRUE

Cues should elicit cravings and withdrawal symptoms before you even start to shoot up!

49
Q

PREDICTIONS FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL, true or false?
• If tolerance occurs in one environment, it will occur less in a different environment

A

TRUE

IMP!
If you build up a tolerance in one room and go to another room you wont have the same tolerance (DANGEROUS!) that might help explain why some people overdose accidentally. Cos they’ve built up a tolerance in one place, change places and expect to be able to tolerate the same amount as initial room (but cant handle it).

50
Q

PREDICTIONS FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL, true or false?
• Tolerance effects will not extinguish

A

FALSE THEY CAN EXTINGUISH

If you go back to room often without shooting up those tolerance effects should go down. If you use that extinction as a form of treatment (extinguish cues in environment) may find relapse in new environment.

51
Q

PREDICTIONS FROM CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL, true or false?
• If extinction (treatment) occurs in one environment, craving and relapse are still likely in a different environment

A

TRUE

If you go back to room often without shooting up those tolerance effects should go down. If you use that extinction as a form of treatment (extinguish cues in environment) may find relapse in new environment.

52
Q

How can expectancies influence our use of Substances?

A

Effects of a substance are influenced by the beliefs and expectancies of the effects of the substance

53
Q

Expectancies are less important than the pharmacological effects. T or F?

A

False!
In some cases these can be as or more important than the pharmacological effects

E.g. give students a soft drink that they say is alcohol, they then test them and then act like they are drunk. Effects occur purely from cognitive expectancy effects.

54
Q

People with substance disorders have stronger positive or negative expectancies of effects?

A

Stronger positive expectancies!
e.g. it makes me happier, strong social effects, makes me fun to be around, or performance effects e.g. i’m a better dancer.

Psychopathology (7 decks)

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