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psychopathology > Sexual Dysfunctions > Flashcards

Sexual Dysfunctions Flashcards

1
Q

Desire (Appetitive) Phase?

A

1st of 3 phases in normal sexuality.
Some physiological changes, but primarily subjective interest in sex e.g. think about sexual intercourse, mental images, increase arousal and physiological phase.

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2
Q

Excitement phase?

A

Step 2 of 3 in normal sexuality: Increase in arousal, increase pleasure, clear physiological phase (women lubrication, men erection).

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3
Q

Orgasm phase?

A

Step 3 of 3 in normal sexuality: Subjective maximum peak pleasure, muscle contractions, ejaculation.

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4
Q

Dysfunction/disorders can occur at all phases.

True or false?

A

True. Remember tho that difficulty with functioning is not necessarily a disorder – need to produce distress and/or life impairment

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5
Q

What does a desire disorder involve?

A

Range from low interest to aversion
Interacts with comorbidity – can involve fear, disgust, or sadness

Complete aversion e.g. under no circumstances will I have anything to do with sex
disgust e.g. makes me feel sick. ppl with OCD
sadness e.g. ppl with mood disorders will have low mood.

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6
Q

Arousal disorders?

A

physiological deficit e.g. difficulty getting erection, or women who cant lubricate sufficiently.

  • Must occur on majority of occasions
  • Personal distress
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7
Q

Distinctions between primary and secondary in arousal disorders?

A

Primary: men who have never been able to have an erection.

Secondary: been fine for many years and cant get them anymore. Some researchers distinguish, but DSM doesn’t.

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8
Q

Orgasmic disorder?

A

Inadequate orgasm – either too soon or delayed/ absent

  • Majority of occasions
  • Personal distress/ interference
  • Primary/ secondary distinction
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9
Q

Pain disorders?

A

refer to physical pain during sexual intercourse. Women e.g. muscle contractions that hurt (vaginismus).

  • ranges from any pain at all to involuntary muscle contraction preventing penetration
  • Less common that other disorders
  • Can be secondary to arousal problem
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10
Q

Why is prevalence difficult to determine in SD (sexual dysfunctions)

4 reasons

A
  • stigma, secrecy
  • Many surveys of normal sexual functioning – less of dysfunction
  • Most questionnaire/ anonymous survey focus on “problems”
  • For many people (especially women), inability to “perform” is not necessarily distressing
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11
Q

Sexual Dysfunction generally in around … to … % of population?

A

10-20%

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12
Q

… to … % of various populations report sexual “PROBLEMS ONLY”

A

30-50%

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13
Q

Gender distribution of these three phase disorders?

A

Women have more desire disrorders

Men have more orgasmic disorders.

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14
Q

Arousal disorder increases with age dramatically.

True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

SD had comorbidity with what 4 disorders

A

Anxiety disorders: (particular low interest ft mood dis.)
– Social anxiety
– Panic disorder ( report difficulties because they report the physical symptoms they get is terrifying for them e.g. heart pounding. )
– PTSD (past abuse)

Eating disorders (when women become low in weight→ increases chance in pain and lack of orgasming).
Relationship difficulties
Substance use disorders e.g. people abusing depressants such as alcohol will often have arousal disorders.

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16
Q

Physical conditions often related to sexual dysfunction

A

Diabetes often has arousal problems and orgasm problems. Neurological diseases causes difficulties, cardiovascular diseases (adequate sexual functioning relies on good blood flow), endocrine problems as well, or painful conditions e.g. cancers or anything that involves pain, or alcohol abuse.

17
Q

Psychological conditions often related to sexual dysfunction

A

• Psychological: relationship problems, couples who don’t discuss their sexual needs, depression and anxiety, or traumatic sexual disorders, a history of rape, or sexual attack → lead to sexual difficulties down the track. Extreme beliefs e.g. men with erectile dysfunctions will often endorse beliefs. Extreme religious or cultural views e.g. masturbation is wrong and as a result cant achieve orgasm in sex because haven’t experimented. Life events or high stress environments, or highly tired.

18
Q

David barlow model about male erectile dysfunction?
(hint extreme beliefs and vicious cycle)

(Wasnt in lecture slides)

A

How various psychological factors such as extreme beliefs may interact with state factors to cause men to fixate on ability to perform, increases his own pressure unnecessarily, unable to perform. Becomes vicious cycle.

19
Q

What is a paraphilia disorder?

A

a condition whereby person responds sexually to ‘deviant’ or ‘unusual’ stimuli.

20
Q

Who decides what a paraphilia is?

Example of homosexuality

A

It’s socially determined and defined.
What is a paraphilia in one society may not be one in another. Changes overtime. E.g. homosexuality used to be a sexual dysfunction and was part of the paraphilias two or three dsms ago (in the 80s). What’s defined, as a paraphilia will change across time.

21
Q

Is a paraphilia disorder just a one off?

A

No. It’s specifically when the stimulus becomes the primary source of arousal. E.g. I just CANNOT get aroused unless I think about dogs. They must spend a lot of time or effort to get stimulus. Or potential personal risk.

22
Q

Types of paraphilias:

What are fetishisms?
What is an example of a subgroup of it?

A
  • Fetishisms: sexual arousal in response to particular objects or body parts,
  • Subgroup of fetishisms that called transvestism fetishisms (who get sexually aroused by dressing as someone from the other gender→typically males engage in this).
23
Q

Types of paraphilias:

Exhibitionism?

A

exposing genitals to other unsuspected other people

24
Q

Types of paraphilias:

Voyeurism:

A

getting aroused by watching people undressing.

25
Q

Types of paraphilias:

Sadism and masochisms

A

Two paraphilias go together: sadism (get aroused by causing pain in other people) and masochisms (people who get aroused by receiving pain or suffering from others). Hence go together.

26
Q

BREATH OF FRESH AIR CARD! HOORAY! NICE PROGRESS!

A

harambe

27
Q

Types of paraphilias:

Paedophilia

A

people sexually aroused by prepubescent children.

28
Q

Paraphilias:

Misconceptions of paedophilia

A
  • Usually not violent/forceful (Most pedapholic contact doesn’t involve force or violence, just gentle touching or watching of the child. Not usually violent. Again penetration occurs only in about 25% of cases)
  • Usually touching or exposure only • Most are known to child
  • Mean age mid 30’s
  • Married (many are married and have families of their own and are quite functional members of society. )
29
Q

Paraphilias:

Preferential Paedophilia Types?

A

• Preferential
– Prefer children
– Poor social relationships with adults

30
Q

Paraphilias:

Situational Paedophilia Types?

A

• Situational
– Prefer adults but children more available
– More impulsive
– Older children

people who have sexual interactions with children because its convenient. E.g. this child was available so why not. Tend to be imprisoned, and have other prison history as well, tend to be impulsive, these people would prefer adults.

31
Q

Onset age of paraphilias?

A

Adolescence to early 20s.

they say they started fantasising about it as adolescents.

32
Q

Paraphilias:

Mostly women, true or false?

A

False lol

33
Q

Paraphilias have comorbidity to

A 
– Other paraphilias
–  Anxiety  (embarrassment of being caught).
–  Depression
–  Substance abuse
– Personality disorders (antisocial)
34
Q

Paraphilias
What is the Maguire model of conditioning theory of fetishes?

Example?
Is one pairing enough?

A

Conditioning view – unusual object paired with arousal – takes on arousing properties
E.g. a boy masturbating and accidentally touching a shoe while orgasming. One pairing is enough they used to think.

35
Q

Paraphilias

Maguire came up with an idea as to why e.g. a stocking pairing doesn’t get extinguished,

A

person keeps masturbating to the fantasy of shoes there on. That’s how Maguire thinks it’s maintained.

36
Q

Problems with the conditioning theory of paraphilias?

A
  • One pairing (or none)
  • Comorbidity between paraphilias (If someone masturbated and touched a shoe then how does that make them a voyeur, or exhibitionist too? Comorbidity doesn’t fit with this view of accidentally being aroused with something there. )
  • Many males have accidental pairings
  • Sex differences (paraphilias occur mostly in men? What about women, they can fantasise).
  • Also masturbating commonly happens in bedrooms, why don’t we have obsessions with say bed sheets or curtains etc.
37
Q

There are no features that are common to ALL paedophiles (paraphilias), but a lot of them have:

(5 factors)

A

– Antisocial personality vs shy /unassertive
– History of sexual abuse (More commonly report sexual abuse histories but not all of them)
– Permitting/ positive beliefs around their activity e.g. If I have sex with a child I am educating them. Children want to have sex to be close to me.
– Poor social skills and relationships
– Lack of intimacy (Marshall, 1989) lack of parent-child secure attachments→causes low intimacy skills→ lack of intimacy with partners→leads to sexual paraphilias.

38
Q

Feminist view about paedophiles?

A

most men have the desire but paedophiles specifically lack inhibition of normal desires and act upon them, whereas most men wouldn’t. Less evidence here.

39
Q 
Possible other theories as to why paedophiles may prefer children? 
Hint:
-emotional
-physical
-skills
A
  • Paedophiles find children more emotionally attractive, and find them less threatening than adults.
  • Paedophiles are more physically turned on more than an adult.
  • Paedophiles avoid adults because they have poor skills and are quite anxious. They are incapable of getting an adult partner

psychopathology (7 decks)

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