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PMHP > Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug

A

A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body

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2
Q

What age group are the most likely to use drugs recreationally

A

6 to 24 years old

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3
Q

What percentage in Scotland have alcohol dependence

A

4%

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4
Q

Substance use disorders characterised by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders as

A

A cluster of cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems

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5
Q

What is addiction

A

Chronic, primary, neurobiological condition influenced by genetic, physiological and environmental factors

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6
Q

Are males or females more likely to have drug problems

A

Males

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7
Q

What are some common risk factors for drug use

A

Genetic factors
Socioeconomic factors

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8
Q

What are some environmental factors that influence drug misuse

A
  • home and family
  • time of drug use
  • personality
  • availability of drugs
  • method of drug administration
  • coexisting medical problems
  • peer pressure
  • physical and sexual abuse
  • early expose to drugs
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9
Q

What is the initiation of drug abuse associated with

A

Social and environmental factors

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10
Q

What is the progression of a substance use disorder more associated with

A

Neurobiological factor

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11
Q

Describe the traditional drug theory with opioids

A
  • intense initial intoxication
  • development of profound tolerance
  • escalation in intake
  • profound dysphoria, physical discomfort, and somatic withdrawal signs during abstinence
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12
Q

Describe the alcohol pattern of addiction

A
  • initial intoxication less than opioids
  • pattern is characterised by binges
  • severe emotional and somatic withdrawal syndrome
  • intense craving for the drug that is often driven by negative emotional states but also by positive emotional states
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13
Q

What areas of the brain does the reward pathway involve

A
  • the ventral trigeminal area (VTA)
  • the nucleus abducens
  • prefrontal cortex
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14
Q

When the reward pathway is activated what happens…

A

When activated by a rewarding stimulus (food, water, sex) information travels from the VTA to the nucleus abducens and then to the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

What allows humans to feel pleasure

A

Dopamine medicated transmission

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16
Q

What is the psychodrymanic theory

A

Aligns well to neurobiology and disregulated brain reward theory

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17
Q

What are the two critical elements for the psychodynamic theory

A

Disordered emotions and disordered self care

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18
Q

What are the two contributory elements for the physodynamic theory

A

Disordered self esteem and disordered relationships

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19
Q

Prolonged exposure to drugs of abuse results in addiction through the….

A

Rewards pathway

20
Q

Chronic exposure reduces the sensitivity of the brain to…

A

Rewards systems

21
Q

What is physiological dependence

A

A core component of the definition drug dependence, an overriding compulsion to take the drug even in the certain knowledge that it is harmful, and whatever the consequences of obtaining it

22
Q

What is physical dependence

A

Not all drugs cause this but for those that do sudden withdrawal is followed by a withdrawal syndrome, characteristic of the psychoactive substance taken. Whether an individual develops a physical dependence varies from person to person and depends on regular administration of the drug eg daily, in sufficient dosage over a number of years

23
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome

A

A specific array of symptoms and signs that follow sudden withdrawal of a drug that causes physical dependence

24
Q

What is tolerance

A

Following repeated admission of the drug, users may become less sensitive to the effects therefore require larger doses to achieve the same effect, therefore they may tolerate very high doses

25
Q

What are the the three ways in which drugs can be classified

A
  • behavioural classification
  • pharmacodynamic classification
  • legal classification
26
Q

What are the behavioural drugs

A
  • stimulants
  • opioids
  • sedative hypnotics
  • antipsychotics
  • antidepressants
  • psychedelics
27
Q

What are the pharmacodynamic classifications

A

Utilises the same broad behavioural categories

28
Q

What are stimulants

A

Indirect dopamine antagonist

29
Q

What are opioids

A

Direct opioid receptor agonists

30
Q

What are sedative hypnotics

A

They directly or indirectly facilitate y-aminobutyric acid neuro transmission

31
Q

What are antipsychotics

A

Currently dopamine D2 receptor antagonists and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists

32
Q

What are antidepressants

A

Serotonin uptake inhibitors, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, to a combination

33
Q

What is the classification of drugs based on

A

Level of harm

34
Q

Under the misuse of drugs act it is an offence to -

A
  • unlawfully possess a controlled drug
  • to posses a controlled drug with intent to supply it
  • to unlawfully supply (sell/give/share) a controlled drug
  • to allow premises to occupy or manage to be used for smoking or use of drugs
35
Q

Give some examples of class A drugs

A

Crack cocaine, cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA), heroine, methadone

36
Q

Give some examples of class B drugs

A

Cannabis, codiene, ketamine

37
Q

Give some examples of class C drugs

A

Anabolic steroids, diazepam, GBL

38
Q

What is the most commonly injected drug

A

Heroin

39
Q

What are the risks of drug use

A

Increased risk of infections

40
Q

What drugs can be taken orally

A

-alcohol
-MDMA
-prescription drugs

41
Q

What drug is taken transmucosally

A

Cocaine

42
Q

What drugs are taken by smoking

A

Cannabis

43
Q

What are some infection related complications

A
  • cellulitis
  • abscess
  • thrombophlebitis
44
Q

What are some additional consequences of drug misuse

A
  • thrombosis
  • embolism
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • musculoskeletal infection
  • endovascular complications
45
Q

What are some effects of cannabis

A
  • euphoria
  • slowed thinking and reaction time
  • impaired balance
  • coughs
  • anxiety
  • tolerance
  • increased heart rate
46
Q

How much alcohol is advised per week

A

14 units per week

Alcohol misuse is the daily intake of in excess of 5 units

PMHP (5 decks)

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