subsistance

Question 1

Adaptive Strategy

Answer 1

means of making a living; production system

Question 2

Economy

Answer 2

system of resource production, distribution, and consumption

Question 3

Types of Adaptive Strategy Societies 5

Answer 3

foraging, horticulture, pastorialism, agriculture, industrialism

Question 4

foraging

Answer 4

hunting gathering
mobility use of natures resources
Food sharing and reciprocity

Question 5

horticultire

Answer 5

slash burn, swidden, shifting
fallow period
narratives: destructive primative, land degradation
What’s left out of the story: Fire-adapted landscapes, External intervention undermines local knowledge, skills

Question 6

pastorialism

Answer 6

herding

Transhumance

Question 7

Agriculture

Answer 7

fARMING
land-intensive
capital-intensive (Dutch flowers)
machine intensive (Ukrainian wheat farming)

Question 8

Industrialism in Globalized World

Answer 8

Irrigation: While horticulturists need to wait for rain
terracing- allows for farming on hills
complex organization, broad scale, global
rural-urban disconnect
nature-culture dichotomy
domination of market economics
impacts on human health and wellbeing
tensions b/t conservation and development
tensions in local vs. global
stratification and power relations

Question 9

Nomadism

Answer 9

Whole group moves

Question 10

Transhumance

Answer 10

Permanent settle with a few people venturing out

Question 11

horticulture vs agriculture

Answer 11

Horticulture
Shifting/Slash and Burn (swidden)
Use of simple tools and manpower(Extensive)
Dependent on rainy season

Agriculture
Continuous cultivation of land
Use machine and animals for cultivation(Intensive)
Extract water from other sources for irrigation

Question 12

Economy

Answer 12

consumption of goods and services along with the system of production, distribution, and trade within a society.

Question 13

Capitalist System

Answer 13

private ownership, buying, and selling; valuations based on supply and demand

Question 14

moral economy

Answer 14

Focuses less on the economic transaction and focuses more on the social exchange and relationships

Question 15

reciprocity 3 types

Answer 15

Generalized: expect nothing in return
Balanced: have to pay back whatever you took
Negative: stealing or cheating someone

Question 16

extensive

Answer 16

unit per labor

Involves a small amount of labor, fertilizing, and capital inputs relative to the area of land

Question 17

intensive

Answer 17

unit per land

Involves a large amount of labor, fertilizing, and capital inputs relative to the area of land

Question 18

Contemporary challenges facing foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and smallholder agriculturalists

Answer 18

◦
Foragers, pastoralists, and horticulturalists are marginalized because they are squeezed between conservation (protected areas) and development (agriculture).

◦Tragedy of the commons applies to pastoralists because they overgraze their land and underestimate the environmental impact of their behavior.
◦
Smallholder agriculturalists are exploited and undercompensated by big companies

“Fortress conservation”: nature should be protected from humans

Question 19

The 3 spheres of sustainability

Answer 19

enviromental social and economic

Question 20

culture is?

Answer 20

an adaptation

Question 21

redistrobution

Answer 21

flow of goods into the center and back out again (Chiefdoms, Feudal Systems, Potlatch)

Question 22

19th century enclosure act

Answer 22

eviction of peasants

Question 23

The Great Transformation

Answer 23

by Karl Polanyi
inked the development of the modern state with the establishment of a market economy.
Market economy unravels social fabric)

Question 24

green revolution

Answer 24

leap in research and the development of agricultural technology to increase yields
Increase inputs of water, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers
GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
Transport and mechanization
Increase frequency and intensity of cropping
Promoted in developing countries

Question 25

pros of green revolution

Answer 25

increase yields
decrease hunger
reduced prices

Question 26

cons of green revolution

Answer 26

Undermined local knowledge
Excessive consumption in Global North(Northern hemisphere)
Issues with labor
Increased vulnerability due to the establishment of a monoculture crop
Detrimental to environment

Question 27

CGIAR (Alternative development paradigms)

Answer 27

agricultural research organizations for sustainable development. Their research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources.

Question 28

cultural ecology

Answer 28

Culture is adaptive to diverse environments and is not linear

Question 29

sustainablility

Answer 29

Balancing social, economic, and ecological concerns. Tries to create the most efficient consumption of resources so that future generations will have access to the resources without completely sacrificing social and economic potential.