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Biology Exam 5 > Subphylum Hexapoda (class Insecta) > Flashcards

Subphylum Hexapoda (class Insecta) Flashcards

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1
Q

Entomology?

A

Name of the science of study insects 🐜 .

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2
Q

Hexapoda mean?

A

Hexapoda are named for the presence of six legs which are all uniramous (not biramus).

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3
Q

Classes of subphylum Hexapoda?

A

Entognatha :- small group with the bases of mouthparts enclosed within the head capsules.
Insecta :- enormous (large) class that have ectognathous (that can be projected outward) mouthparts but bases of mouthparts lie outside the head capsule.

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4
Q

Class insecta can cause?

A

Infestation or infection.

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5
Q

Some facts about class insecta?

A

Most parasitic arthropods are similar to free living relatives.

*different in behaviors, physiology and mode of life.
Largest class class and masters in every habitat except ocean or deep sea.

Mandibulate’s (mouth part is mandible)
Mouth parts are for chewing, sucking, or sponging.

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6
Q

What is structure sponging in class insecta?

A

It is that they can tear the skin of their prey and the another mouth part it comes in like a sponge and it suck blood 🩸.

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7
Q

Explain thorax and abdomen of class insecta?

A

They have Head, thorax and abdomen.

Two eyes, and usually 3 simple eyes.
Thorax has three parts and either 2 wings or 4 wings attached to it.
They also have :-

*prothorax
*Mesothorax- 2 wings and forewings.
*Metathorax- 2 wings and halteres.

Their Thorax also contain the legs.
* and they usually have 6 legs.

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8
Q

Explain the muscle of class insecta?

A

They have direct or indirect flight muscles.

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9
Q

Explain the meaning of direct flight muscles?

A

It means that muscles are attached to the wings.

Direct flight muscles are not very good.

So the wings bo up and down.

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10
Q

Explain meaning and give example of Apterygota?

A

A = without
Pterygota = wings.
It means animals without wings.

Example ;-spring tail, snow fleas, silver fish 🐠 .

If they have any metamorphosis it’s gonna be so little.
Wingless insects have only 2 orders.

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11
Q

Explain meaning and give example of pterygota?

A

Insects with wings.
They have wings or lost them and they have 22 orders.
They have different degree of metamorphosis.
*Exopterygota
-Hemimetabolous;- egg → nymph → adult.
-Incomplete metamorphosis.
-wings formed during final molt.
*Endopterygota
-Holometabolous;- egg → larva →pupa → adult.
-wings formed during pupation; complete metamorphosis.

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12
Q

Describe different types of metamorphosis? Ametabolous?

A

Ametabolous, egg → young → adult

Example ;- horseshoe crab, spiders, crayfish, centipedes, silver fish.

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13
Q

Describe the metamorphosis? Hemimtabolous?

A

Hemimtabolous;- incomplete metamorphosis.

Egg → nymph → adult

Example;- grasshopper, cockroaches, true bugs.

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14
Q

Describe the metamorphosis holometabolous?

A

Complete metamorphosis.

Egg → larva → pupa → adult

Example;- bees, butterflies, beetles, flies.

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15
Q

Describe the difference between Nymph and pupa?

A

Nymph ;- it is an immature stage in the morphologically similar to adult in Hemimetabolous.

Pupa;- it is the Larva stage before the adult stage in holometabolous insects, not necessarily look like adult.

        *During these two stages metabolism is slow and animal is not Active.
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16
Q

Explain Indirect flight muscles?

A

Indirect flight muscles are good.

  *Indirect flight muscles are attached to tergum  and sternum they go up and down, so as the result wings go up and down.
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17
Q

Class insecta have what structure that human do not have?

A

They have structure called spermotheca (it stores sperm form Male)

Theca means sac. So that’s why these animal can store thousands of eggs.

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18
Q

Explain Worm like larva? In class insecta?

A

Caterpillar (butterfly and Moth), grub (beetles), legless maggot (flies)

       *Life cycle;- Molting → Molting → Molting, Between each molting they have stage or instar (which means that when they started to molt they do not have their Armor they are very easy to be eaten from other animals.
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19
Q

Explain osmoregulation and Excretion of class insecta?

A

Their skin is Impermeable (prevent the passage of substance).
*Impermeable tegument
*Malpighian tubules and recutum.
-absorb ion(K) from Hemolymph.
-Rectal pads absorb water and Return it to hemolymph.

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20
Q

What is the function of Malpighian tubules?

A

They are for absorption of excess water and minerals.

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21
Q

Respiration of class insecta?

A

Oxygen directly form the air.
Their spiracles are open to Trachea.
Trachea is branched to Tracheoles,.

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22
Q

In class insecta why spiracles have valves? Spiders do not have valves?

A

Because they do not want duct or any parasites to get inside of the animal.

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23
Q

What is difference between trachea of spiders and insects?

A

Trachea (spiracles) of spiders do not have valve.
These insects have valves.

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24
Q

In class insecta equatic insects have what?

A

They have gills.

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25
Q

Beetle have what metamorphosis?

A

Holometabolous

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26
Q

What adaptation do insects have for weather changes? Explain meaning of each Adaptation?

A

Some die after releasing eggs.
Diapause (means animal stop and do not have great metabolism) can happen in any stage, egg → larva → pupa → adult.

Partial endothermy (portions of the animal is colder then another portion of the animal)

Pile (they have fat deposits of carbohydrates deposits inside of them) and during winter time they use them.

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27
Q

Sensory organs and Nervous system of class insecta?
Order Hemiptera it starts from adaptation slide-

A

Mechanoreceptors;- the Respond to mechanical stimulation (light, movement of the air)
Chemoreceptors;- pheromones-
Compound eyes are hexagonal (Not Rectangular facets like crustaceans)
Antennae (which is part of central nervous system.
No flying Control center (no cockpit) (means scientist are not able to find how they control their flying)

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28
Q

Exaplin chemoreceptors ;- pheromones in class insecta?

A

Pheromones in animal have been studied so well.

But in human we don’t really know much about pheromones.

If we realease an odor, it attracts the other individual.

It is well studied in dogs,
So male dog can sense a female pheromones from a mile away.

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29
Q

Antenna of class insecta?

A

It is part of Central Nervous system.

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30
Q

Digestive system of class insecta?

A

A pair of mandibles = jaw
Hypopharynx = Tongue
Labrum = Upper lips
Labium = Lower lips
Forget → Midgut → Hindgut

*Foregut;- Mostly Digestion (equivalent to our mouth and stomach).
 *Midgut;- little bit of Absorption and digestion.
 *Hindgut;- a lot of Absorption.

Many Ants 🐜 and termites cultivate (prepare) fungi in their burrows (house), so they know agriculture.

31
Q

Foregut?

A

Crop and gizzard

Crop= store food
Gizzard= grind food

32
Q

Midgut?

A

Have Ceca and stomach.

(Little bit of absorption and digestion)

33
Q

Hindgut?

A

Intestine and Rectum.

Mostly for absorption.

34
Q

Reproduction and behaviors? Of class insecta?

A

Fertilization is internal
OVIPAROUS, VIVOPAROUS, OVOVIVIPAROUS, all three.
Eusociality.

35
Q

Meaning of Eusociality ion class insecta?

A

It means they have a system of cooperative brood care.

36
Q

Class insecta order Orhtoptera? Ex

A

Cockroaches, grasshopper, crickets, mantids.

37
Q

Order Dictyoptera or Blattaria?

A
38
Q

Structure of order orthoptera?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen.

Two compound eyes
Mandibles
Maxilla is posterior to mandibles.
Veins in wings.

39
Q

Anatomy of grasshoppers?

A

Ovipositor ;- that’s where females deposits the eggs
Spiracles have valves.
After spiracles → Air sacs → Trachea.

40
Q

Grasshopper mouth parts?

A
41
Q

Order Diptera?

A

Flies

42
Q

Order Diptera? Structure

A

They are very Infamous (known for bad quality)
Only one pair of wing on mesothoracic.
They are holometabolous

43
Q

Halters for order Diptera?

A

Halters on Methathoracic for balance or vestigial.

44
Q

How to tell flies from mosquitoes 🦟?

A

Mosquito ;-

Have 14 to 15 segments and Antenna.
Elongated proboscis.
Fingers on the scale of wings.

Flies ;-
A truly fly is written as two word.
Horse fly, house fly

Not real flies;- means they do not belong to this order.
Dragonfly, mayfly.

45
Q

Diseases Carrie’s of order Diptera?

A

*Dirofillaria Immitis ;- by culex (mosq), Dog heart worm. In U.S
*Wuchereria bancrofti ;- by culex, transmitted by different species of culex, Not in U.S
Cause elephantiasis.
*Plasmodium ;- by Anopheles, Not in U.S
* Equine encephalitis by culex, in U.S.
*yellow fever by Aedes (mosq)
*Onchocerca volvulus by black fly
-River blindness by simulium damnosum.
*Leishmania cause phlebotomines, sand fly.
*Thelazia;- eye worm by face fly. All of cattles had eye worm (it is different then in human)
*Tryoanosoma;- by Tsetse fly, Glossina
*Hypoderma ;- by cattle grubs and gadding. These fly can poke hole in the back of the animal, and they get out of the animal.
*Horse bot, Do not harm horses, Larva in stomach. It cause infection and Infestation.

46
Q

Explain viral encephalitis in order Diptera?

A

We also have it westnile in U.S we did not had in 19s.
Equine encephalitis by culex, in U.S.

47
Q

What is the name of common house fly?

A

Musca Domestica.

48
Q

Order Anoplura?

A

Blood sucking lice.
Anoplurans have piercing mouthparts.
The are ectoparasites of placental ANIMALS ONLY, like human.
They are very Host specific and they become site-specific.
They have simple metamorphosis.
Most of them cling to hair or feather except human body louse.

Human can be infected with this.

49
Q

What can be sexually transmitted?

A

Pubic lice, Phthirus pubis. And

Scabbies

50
Q

Human head louse?

A

Pediculus humanus capitis.

51
Q

Order Mallophaga?

A

Chewing lice. Human do not get infected with this.

52
Q

Human lice spread?

A

TYPHUS.

53
Q

Human body louse?

A

Pediculus humanus humanus.

It does not cling to hair rather in clothing.
Transmit ;- Thyphus, trench fever, relapsing fever.

54
Q

Chewing lice?

A

Parasites of birds and mammals,
It is important veterinary parasites.
It does not infect human.

55
Q

Order siphonaptera?

A

Pulex irritans, human flea.

56
Q

Human flea transmit?

A

It transmit plaque.
Black Death by bacteria Yersinia pestis and Rickettsia typhi.
Pygidium can detect air currents.
No host specific.
Ctenocephalides is intermediate host of canine tapeworm Dipylidium Caninum.
They attack human.

57
Q

Feces of flea?

A

Is the food for the 3 larva stages. And transmit feline parvo virus.

58
Q

Parvo virus is equivalent to?

A

HIV in feline and cats.

59
Q

What to use to against to protection from fleas?

A

Place a few mothballs or cedars balls in vacuum bag.

60
Q

Order Hemiptera?

A

Bugs

61
Q

Order Hemiptera have what special thing?

A

They have a triangular shield between wings.

62
Q

Order hemiptera Cherecteristics?

A

Two pair of wings are vestigial.
Four segmented antennae
Simple metamorphosis
Redivides (assassin bugs) cause painful bites.

63
Q

What cause painful bites?

A

Reduviids (assassin bugs)

64
Q

Bugs transmit what diseases?

A

Triatoma
Rhodnius
Panstrongylus these transmit American trypanosomiasis or Chagas’ disease. (Trypanosomiasis cruzi)

65
Q

Order Coleoptera?

A

Beetles, ladybug, bessbug.

66
Q

Order Hymenoptera?

A

Carpenter ant 🐜, wasp 🐝, bees 🐝, yellow jacket 🐝,

67
Q

Order Homoptera?

A

Cicadas and hoppers.

68
Q

Order odonada?

A

Dragonfly

69
Q

Order ledioptera?

A

Butterfly and moth.

70
Q

Order Hemiptera?

A

Sting bug, giant water bug, bed bug (Cimex), kissing bug (reduviid).

Bite is very painful but they do not transmit any disease, hard to get rid of.

71
Q

Order orthoptera?

A

Grasshopper

72
Q

Order phasmadia?

A

Walking stick

73
Q

Order Isoptera?

A

Termites.

Biology Exam 5 (4 decks)

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