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Structure and Function of Tissues > Subcellular Structure and Function > Flashcards

Subcellular Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

The Mitochondria structure has an _____ membrane with half ____ and half _____ and an ______ space.

A
  • Outer
  • protein
  • lipid
  • Intermembrane
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2
Q

The _____ membrane of mitochondria is the site of _____ _____, is high in _____, _____ to most molecules for maintenance of transmembrane potential, and has inward projecting folds called _____.

A
  • Inner
  • ATP synthesis
  • protein
  • impermeable
  • cristae
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3
Q

The cristae of the inner membrane of mitochondria are _____ in conformation and ____ is attached to the surface.

A
  • Asymmetrical

- ATPase

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4
Q

The TCA cycle occurs where?

A

In the matrix space of mitochrondria

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5
Q

Where are mitochondria usually localized?

A

Near the site of ATP utilization

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6
Q

Mitochondria release ______ _____ that is used for apoptosis.

A

Cytochrome C

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7
Q

Mitochondria contain their own unique _____ material that is derived from the mother. Most mitochondrial proteins are products of _____ genes. Mitochondria gene products include what?

A
  • genetic
  • nuclear
  • Mitochondrial RNA and a few innermembrane proteins
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8
Q

Mitochondria originated from prokaryote ______ _____ and divide via _____.

A
  • Endosymbiotic bacteria

- Binary Fission

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9
Q

Microfilaments are part of the eukaryotic skeleton. An example is a double-stranded helix formed by polymerization of ____ monomors. They are also called _____ filaments. What are three functions?

A
  • Actin
  • Actin
  • Cell motility, organelle transport, muscle contraction
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10
Q

_____ are an example of microfilaments found in the intestine to increase the intestinal epithelium.

A

Microvilli

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11
Q

______ are microfilaments that are motor proteins responsible for actin-based motility. They assemble during telophase in _____.

A
  • Myosins

- cytokinesis

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12
Q

The ____ is a microfilament and the basic unit of a muscle cell.

A

Sarcomere

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13
Q

____ filaments provide mechanical support and strength. Disruption of this can cause epidermolysis bulls simplex disorder.

A

Intermediate

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14
Q

______ are the widest filaments in the cell. They are in nerve cells, used in intracellular transport, and are spindle fibers.

A

Microtubules

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15
Q

_____ are numerous, short, hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton, and ____ are long, whip-like extensions with only 1-2 per cell.

A
  • Cilia

- Flagella

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16
Q

The structure of cilia and flagella is composes of ____ pairs of microtubules around _____ single microtubules in the center.

A
  • 9

- 2

17
Q

A _____ is a pair of two centriole hollow cylinders. It is the _____ organizing center and the ______ ____ of flagella or cilium.

A
  • Centrosome
  • Microtubule
  • Basal Body
18
Q

In animal cells, a pair of _____ organize microtubules guiding chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

19
Q

_____ _____ are non-living metabolites of cell products in the cytoplasm. _____ is long-term energy storage in liver and muscles. ____ ____ are present in adipose tissue. _____ are responsible for pigment and contain the brown pigment of hair and skin, _____, and ______, a brown age pigment in cells. They also contain _____ which is a brown iron containing pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.

A
  • Cell inclusions
  • Glycogen
  • Lipid Spheres
  • Melanosomes
  • Melanin
  • Lipofuscin
  • Hemosiderin
20
Q

The _____ is extremely condensed DNA.

A

Chromosome

21
Q

The cells of higher eukaryotes carry a ____ chromosome number, and example is ____ cells. Germ cells such as sperm and egg gametes have a _____ chromosome number.

A
  • Diploid
  • Somatic
  • Haploid
22
Q

______ is the orderly arrangement of homologous chromosomes based on the ____ and ____ of the chromosomes.

A
  • Karyotype
  • Morphology
  • Size
23
Q

The _____ is the most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. It is called the ______ when the microtubular spindle fibers attach here during mitosis and meiosis.

A
  • Centromere

- Kinetochore

24
Q

A _____ is one of the usually paired and parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere.

A

chromatid

25
Q

The dog karyotype contains 38 pairs of _____ somatic chromosomes. The “X” sex chromosome is the only _____ chromosome.

A
  • acrocentric

- submetacentric

26
Q

Describe the four stages of mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase: chromatin condenses, nucleus disappears
  2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at equatorial plate
  3. Anaphase: centromere splits
  4. Telophase: Cytokineses
27
Q

Chromosome segregation is mediated in eukaryotes by the transient formation of the _____ _____ inserted to the ______, which is attached to the ______ of chromosomes.

A
  • mitotic spindle
  • Kinetochore
  • Centromere
28
Q

The _____ ____ is formed when completely condensed chromosomes align themselves in a plane.

A

Metaphase plate

29
Q

Nuclear envelopes reform at telophase by using membrane from the _____ ____ and proteins called ______ that guide the new envelope.

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

- Lamins

30
Q

In the female nucleus, only one X chromosome is needed to function, and the other is stored as heterochromatin. The heterochromatin shows up as a drum-stick formation in ____ and as a Barr body in _____.

A
  • Neutrophils

- Barr body

31
Q

____ have proven very effective in chemotherapy treatments for leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease because they cause the dissolution of protein ____.

A
  • Alkaloids

- Microtubules

32
Q

_____ from stem bark of the Pacific yew tree stabilizes _______ and produce non-functional bundles. It is used to treat ovarian and breast cancers.

A
  • Taxol

- Microtubules

33
Q

In meiosis, ploidy of a cell goes from ___N –> ___N –> ___N.

A
  • 4
  • 2
  • N
34
Q

_____ ____ provides genetic variation through _____ _____ and _____ ____ of homologous chromosomes.

A
  • Meiosis I
  • Crossing-over
  • Random Segregation
35
Q

A ______ is specific points where two duplicated homologous chromosomes are physically connected. At the _____ _____, homologous recombination such as crossing over takes place.

A
  • Chiasma

- Synaptonemal complex

36
Q

Due to _____ _____ of homologous chromosomes, none of the daughter cells have identical sets of chromosomes.

A

-Random Segregation

37
Q

Down syndrome is the result of _____ at chromosome 21.

A

Aneuploidy

Structure and Function of Tissues (2 decks)

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