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C2 - Chemistry > Sturcture And Properties > Flashcards

Sturcture And Properties Flashcards

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1
Q

Bonding in thermosoftening polymers?

A

Chains with weak intermolecular forces

That are adult broken when heated

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2
Q

Why would anything in terms of ions conduct electricityV

A

Ions can carry charge
Or
Ions can travel

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3
Q

Why dosent diamond conduct electricity?

A

No delocalised electrons

All the electrons are used in bonding

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4
Q

Why is diamond hard?

A

Giant lattice
Of covalent bonds
These bonds are strong (so a lot of energy is needed to break them)
Carbon atoms form four bonds

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5
Q

Why can baño particles pass through the skin and travel round the body easily than normal particles?

A

Smaller so can easily pass through the sin

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6
Q

Why do simple molecules evaporate easily?

A

Weak intermolecular forces

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7
Q

Why do things have low boiling points?

A

Weak intermolecular forces

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8
Q

Why is diamond hard?

A

Giant structure of strong covalent bonds

They form four bonds

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9
Q

Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?

A

Delocalised electrons which can travel through the structure
As each carbon is joined to three other carbon atoms, meaning one free electron for each atom

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10
Q

What can electrons in metals do?

A

Carry charge

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11
Q

Why are carbon nanotubes used as lubricants?

A

No covalent bonds between the nanotubes

So the nanotubes can slide over eachother

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12
Q

How can you check the reliability of results?

A

Repeat the experiment
Compare the results to other of the same kind
Results compared with another method

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13
Q

Why is a high temperature needed to melt eh potassium iodide?

A

Strong electrostatic force of attraction between jobs
Strong bonds
Giant structure

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14
Q

Explain why graphite can conduct electricity?

A

Delocalised electrons can move through the graphite

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15
Q

Why is carbon dioxide a gas even at low temperatures?

A

Simple molecules
The intermolecular forces are weak
So only a small amount of energy needed to overcome

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16
Q

Causes of an anomalous result?

A

Error in measuring
Timing error
Plotting error
Has escaped

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17
Q

Why are alloys hard?

A

Atoms or ions
Are different sizes
So layers are distorted
Particles don’t slide over eachother

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18
Q

Why can nanoparticles be used in skin creams?

A

Very small

So can easily pass through pores

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19
Q

Why are negative ions attracted to the positive electrode in electrolysis?

A

Opposites attract

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20
Q

Ionic compounds consist of what?

A

Giant structure of ions arranged in a lattice

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21
Q

Why is a lot of energy needed to break up a giant ionic lattice?

A

Lots of strong ionic bonds
To separate the ions we have overcome the electrostatic force of attraction
This means that ionic compounds have high mp and boiling p

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22
Q

Why can ionic compounds carry electrical charged when molten?

A

The ions have been separate from the lattice
And are free to move anywhere in this liquid
So they can carry electrical charge through the liquid

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23
Q

Why can a solid ionic compound not conduct electricity?

A

Ions are held in a fixed position in the lattice
And they can’t move
They only vibrate on the spot

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24
Q

Why can an ionic compound dissolved in water conduct electricity?

A

The lattice is split up by water molecules
Then the ions are free to move around in the solution formed
Then it does conduct electricity

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25
Q

Properties of simple molecules?

A

Strong covalent bonds
Weak intermolecular forces
Liquid or gas at room temperature

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26
Q

Why can a simple molecule not conduct electricity?

A

There is no overall chTge

So their molecules can’t carry electrical charge

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27
Q

Another name for giant covalent structures?

A

Macromolecules

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28
Q

What shape does graphite form when bonded to carbon?

A

Hexagons arranged in giant layers

29
Q

Why is graphite slippery?

A

No covalent bonds between the layers

So the layers can slid over each other easily

30
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Large carbon molecules containing cage like structures

31
Q

Why can metals be hammered, bent and drawn into wires?

A

This is due to the layers of atoms in a pure metal are able to slide easily over eachother

32
Q

How are atoms in a pure metal held together?

A

In giant metallic structures, with atoms in closely packed layers

33
Q

Why can pure metals such as iron soft and easily shaped?

A

Regular arrangement means the atoms can slide over one another

34
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

Different sized atoms in an alloy
Making it more difficult for the layers to slide over eachother
So the alloys are harder the pure metals

35
Q

Why can a metal be distorted?

A

But they can also move through the whole of the giant lattice
Meaning they can move and hold the metal ions together at the same time so they can be distorted

36
Q

Why does a metal change shape when struck?

A

The metal atoms can slip past one another without breaking up the metals structure

37
Q

How are positive ions held in a metal?

A

By a sea of delocalised electrons

The negative charge between the positively charged ions hold ions in position

38
Q

Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

A

Because the delocalised electrons can flow through the giant metallic lattice
The electrical current and heat are quickly transferred by free electrons

39
Q

What are shape memory alloys?

A

Alloys that return to their original shape when heated

40
Q

How can shape memory alloys be used?

A

Health care
Doctors treating broken bones
Braces

41
Q

What do the properties of a polymer depend on?

A

The monomers used to make them

The conditions chosen to carry out the reaction

42
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers?

A

Polymers that soften easily and rest when they cool down

43
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Polymers that don’t melt when heated

44
Q

Describe the chains in thermosetting polymers?

A

Chains fixed together by strong covalent bonds in a cross link

45
Q

Describe the chains in a thermosetting polymer?

A

Tangled web of polymer chains that are relatively easily separated

46
Q

How are all plastics held together?

A

Very strong covalent bonds

47
Q

What varied between polymer molecules?

A

The size of the force between them

48
Q

Why do thermosoftening polymers become soft easily?

A

There are weak intermolecular forces between polymer chains

They are easily broken when heated

49
Q

Why can thermosoftening polymers be re moulded?

A

When the polymer cools down the intermolecular forces bring the polymer molecules back together
The polymer than hardens again and can be re moulded

50
Q

Why don’t thermosetting polymers soften when heated?

A

Their monomers make COVALENT bonds which are strong

the COVALENT cross links between chains do not allow them to separate

51
Q

What is the risk of using nanoparticles for catalysts?

A

If a spark is made by accident a violent explosion may be caused

52
Q

Why are nano particles very effective as catalysts?

A

They have a large surface area

53
Q

Size of nanoparticles?

A

Between 1 and 100 nanometers in size

54
Q

Used of nanoparticles?

A 
Cosmetics (absorbed deeper into skin)
Sun screen (more effective at blocking sun's rays)
55
Q

What can fullerenes be used for?

A

Lubricants
Delivering drugs in the body
Catalysts

56
Q

What does conduction depend on?

A

Ability of electrons to move throughout the metal

57
Q

What is unique about shape memory alloys?

A

Can move back to their original position when deformed

58
Q

Features of low density polyethene?

A

Weaker forces of attraction as the chains further apart
Low melting point
Soft

59
Q

Features of high density polyethene?

A

Stronger forces of attraction as chains closer together

Higher melting point

60
Q

Describe thermosoftening polymers?

A

Made of individual tangled polymer chains - easily separated
Weak intermolecular forces between chains
Chains easy to separate
At lower temperatures
Less heat needed to break chains

61
Q

Why are nanoparticles good catalysts?

A

Make good catalysts as have high surface area to volume ratio

62
Q

How can nanoparticles be used for electrical circuits?

A

They conduct electricity so can be used in small electrical circuits for computers

63
Q

Why can we hammer and bend metals?

A

The layers of atoms in a pure metal are able to slide easily over eachother

64
Q

What happens when a metal is struck? And why?

A

They can move around and hold the metal ions together at the same time
So the lattice can distort
The metal atoms can slip past eachother without breaking the metal structure

65
Q

Describe how a doctor could use a shape memory alloy?

A

A broken bone can use alloys to hold the bones in place while they heal
They cool the alloy before it is wrapped around broken bone
When it heats up again the alloy goes back to its original shape
This pulls bones together and holds them while they heal

66
Q

Why would a giant covalent structure be suitable for lining furnaces?

A

High melting point
Because lots of energy needed to break the strong covalent bonds
It is a giant structure

67
Q

What does the high temperature provide for an ionic compound?

A

Makes it molten

Enough temperature to overcome the many strong attractive forces between ions

68
Q

What does solution provide for an ionic compound?

A

Water molecules separate ions from the lattice

69
Q

Why can a metal lattic distort?

A

Electrons can move through the giant lattice
They can move and hold the metal ions in place
Delocalised electrons enable the lattice to distorting ions can slip past one another without breaking up the structure

C2 - Chemistry (5 decks)

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