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C2 - Chemistry > Salts And Electrolysis > Flashcards

Salts And Electrolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the similarities between alkalis and bases?

A
  • both release ions in water
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2
Q

What does an ‘ acid + metal ‘ make?

A

A salt + hydrogen

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3
Q

What happens at the negative electrode in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions? 2

A
  • The less reactive element ( between hydrogen and the metal ) is produced at the negative electrode
  • and the metal will stay in solution
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4
Q

Why would thermosoftening polymers not be suitable for packaging very hot food?2

A

They would melt because of their low melting point

because of their weak intermolecular forces

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5
Q

When electrolysis happens in water what gas is given off?

A

Oxygen gas as discharge from hydroxide ions

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6
Q

What is two ways to identify a base?2

A
  • hydroxides

- oxides

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7
Q

What happens when you react an acid with a metal?

A

Hydrogen gas is formed along with the salt

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8
Q

What is a salt?

A

A compound formed in a neutralisation reaction

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9
Q

Define electrolysis?

A 
The process of passing an electric current
 through an ionic compound it through a molten substance 
Causing decomposition (splitting up)
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10
Q

What happens to ions in electrolysis?

A

Positive ions move to the negative electrode while negative ions move to the positive electrode

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11
Q

In electrolysis of electrons are gained what is the process called?

A

Reduction

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12
Q

Why can carbon nanotubes be used as lubricants?

A

Nanotubes can slide over eachother

Because no covalent bonds between the nanotubes

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13
Q

How do you make an insoluble salt? Eg with lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution

A

Add PIS to LNS and stir in a beaker
Precipitate of lead iodide formed
This can be filtered off the solution
Precipitate washed, distilled water and dried

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14
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Delocalised electrons can move through the graphite

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15
Q

What happens when two ions are attracted to an electrode?

A

The less reactive element gets discharged

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16
Q

List some protestors of alkalis?3

A
  • soluble in water
  • produce OH- ions
  • pH 8-14
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17
Q

Why type of substance provides oh- ions?

A

Alkali

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18
Q

What ions are formed by alkalis in solutions?

A

OH- ions

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19
Q

What happens at the negative electrode during the electrolysis of brine?4

A
  • Positive hydrogen ions are attracted to the negative electrode, as are the sodium ions
  • hydrogen ions are less reactive so get discharged
  • sodium ions stay in solution as they are more reactive
  • the hydrogen atoms formed bond together and are given off as hydrogen gas
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20
Q

Why do farmers put ammonium nitrate on their farmland?

A

It provides minerals that help plants to grow

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21
Q

What happens at the positive electrode in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions?

A

Hydroxide ions from water are often discharged and oxygen gas

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22
Q

In the electrolysis of aluminium what happens at the negative electrode and involving the electrode? (O2-) 3

A

Each oxide ion loses two electrons
The ions turn into oxygen atoms
They bond in pairs to from molecules of oxygen gas

The oxygen reacts with the positive carbon electrodes making carbon dioxide gas

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23
Q

What ions are formed by acids in solutions?

A

H+ ions

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24
Q

What happens to the products of electrolysis if the reaction happens in water? 2

A
  • The less reactive element ( between hydrogen and the metal ) is produced at the negative electrode
  • and the metal will stay in solution
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25
Q

Why use molten?

A

Ionic substances don’t conduct electricity

When melted ions are free to move and carry charge

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26
Q

Explain how an object is electroplated?4

A
  • the metal to be plates is used as the negative electrode
  • the positive electrode is made from the plating metal
  • at the positive electrode the playing metal is oxidised
  • at the negative electrode the plating metal is reduced
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27
Q

Describe the structure of a metal?

A

Lattic of positive ions

With delocalised electrons

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28
Q

What is a cryolite and why is it used in the extraction of aluminium oxide?

A

The molten cryolite lowers the melting point making the reaction more efficient

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29
Q

What method could be use to separate a precipitate from solution?

A

Filters room

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30
Q

What does using the word ‘weak’ in terms of an acid mean?

A

The acid is partially ionised in water

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31
Q

What state are all carbonates?

A

Solids

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32
Q

Sum up how to make an insoluble salt in two sentances?

A

Combining two different soluble salts

React together to form a precipitate

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33
Q

Uses of brine products?

A

Chlorine = bleach which kills bacteria
Pure hydrogen =’margarine
Sodium hydroxide = bleach, soap, paper

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34
Q

Why do we electroplated objects?2

A
  • for industrial purposes for protection

- for cosmetic purposes for attractiveness

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35
Q

List some properties of acids?2

A
  • pH 1-6

- produce H+ ions in solution

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36
Q

Why does a catalyst not have to be replaced often?

A

It is not used up

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37
Q

What do you observe when magnesium reacts with an acid?

A 
Gets hot
Hydrogen produced (bubbles)
Magnesium goes into solution
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38
Q

Why can metals be shaped?

A

Made of layers

Which can slip over eachother

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39
Q

What are the products of the electrolysis of brine? At what electrode?

A

Hydrogen at the + electrode
Chlorine at the - electrode
Sodium hydroxide at the - electrode

40
Q

Define neutralisation?

A

The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which they cancel each other out, forming a salt and water (canton dioxide)

41
Q

What is the difference between an alkali and a base?

A

Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water

42
Q

In electrolysis of electrons are lost what is the process called?

43
Q

In electrolysis what is it that provides the electrodes with a charge?

A

Electricity

44
Q

Describe the process of making crystals?

A 
Add insoluble metal to a beaker with an acid + stir
Warm gently with tripod
When reaction is complete 
Filter to remove excess metal oxide
Evaporate off water
Leave to form crystal
45
Q

When two soluble salts react to make an insoluble salt what is this called?

A

A precipitate reaction

46
Q

Why are electrodes used up in the process of electrolysis?2

A

Oxygen gas is produced at the electrode

So the oxygen reacts with the electrode to form Carbon dioxide wearing it down

47
Q

What charge do electrons have?

48
Q

What happens at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of brine?3

A

The negative chloride ions are attracted to the positive electrode
They each loose 1 electron (oxidised)
The chlorine atoms bond together in pairs and are given off as chlorine gas

49
Q

Why does sodium iodine only conduct electricity in solution?

A
  • the particles are free to move
50
Q

Common acids?3

A

Hydrochloride acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid

51
Q

In the electrolysis of aliminium what happens at the negative electrode? (Al3+) and in what form?

A
  • each aluminium ion gains 3 electrons
  • the jobs turn into aluminium atoms
  • the metal is formed as molten
52
Q

What is an acid in terms of ions?

A

Something that produces hydrogen ions in solution

53
Q

What is the product of the electrolysis of aluminium oxide?

A

Aluminium + oxygen

54
Q

Which electrode would negative ions move towards?

A

The positive electrode to become neutral atoms

55
Q

What are the products of brine used for?6

A

Chlorine : bleach, killing bacteria
Hydrogen : making margarine
Sodium hydroxide : bleach, paper making, soap

56
Q

Why is molten used for electrolysis?

A

So ions can move

57
Q

What is the difference between ‘ ate ‘ and ‘ ide ‘?2

A

Contains oxygen

Without oxygen

58
Q

What is an alkali in terms of ions?

A

A base that is soluble in water which produces hydroxide ions in solution

59
Q

What type of substance does electrolysis work for?

A

Ionic substances

60
Q

Define electroplating?

A

The process of depositing a thin layer of metal on an object during electrolysis

61
Q

What does ‘Acid + base’ make?

A

salt + water

62
Q

In a crystals experiment, why heat the mixture?

A

To increase the rate of reaction

63
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

When an acid neutralised by a base

64
Q

Example of an alkai?

A

Sodium hydroxide solution

65
Q

Which electrode would positive ions move towards?

A

Negative electrodes to become neutral atoms

66
Q

What does an ‘acid + metal hydrocarbonate’ make?

A

A salt + water + carbon dioxide

67
Q

What does nitric acid always create?

68
Q

What the method for making an insoluble salt?3

A
  • combine two different soluble salts
  • these salts react to form an insoluble salt
  • the insoluble solid formed is called a precipitate
69
Q

What does an ‘acid + metal carbonate’ make?

A

A salt + water + carbon dioxide

70
Q

How do you make soluble salts from metals?

A

Reacting acids with
Not all metals are suitable
Some too reactive and others are not reactive enough

71
Q

How do you make soluble salts from insoluble bases?

A

Reacting acids with

The base is added to the acid until no more will react and the excess solid is filters off

72
Q

How do you make soluble salts from alkalis?

A

Reacting acids with

An indicator can be used to show when the acid and alkali have completely reacted to produces a salt solution

73
Q

How can insoluble salts be made?

A

By mixing appropriate solutions of ions so a precipitate is formed
Precipitation can be used to remove unwanted ions from solution

Eg treating wait for drinking or in treating effluent

74
Q

What are soluble hydroxides?

75
Q

Ammonia dissolved in water to produce what?

A

An alkaline solution to produce ammonium salt

76
Q

What does an electrolysis of sodium chloride solution produce?

A

Produced hydrogen and chlorine

Sodium hydroxide solution

77
Q

What is chlorine used for?

A

Bleach and plastics

78
Q

What 3 ways can you make a soluble salt?

A

Acid + metal
Acid + alkali
Acid + base

79
Q

When making salts, when will an acid react with a metal to make a salt?

A

When it is above hydrogen in the reactivity series

80
Q

How can you test the speed of an acid + metal reaction?

A

The number of hydrogen bubbles given off

81
Q

How do you make a salt from an acid + base?

A

Excess base is added to acid
Until no more will react
Excess is filtered off

82
Q

What type is salt does Hydrochloric acid produce?

A

Chloride salts

83
Q

How do you make nitrate salts?

A

Nitric acid + (base/metal/alkali)

84
Q

How do you make sulphate salts?

A

Sulphuric acid + (base/metal/alkali)

85
Q

How do you make nitrate salts?

A

Nitric acid + (base/metal/alkali)

86
Q

What 3 ways can you measure a reaction?

A

Measuring precipitate - faster it disappears faster the reaction
Volume of gas given off - more given off faster reaction
Mass balance - how quickly mass drops

87
Q

What does cryolite do?

A

Lowers melting point of aliminium oxide so it’s cheaper to carry out

88
Q

What are electrodes made of?

89
Q

How is aluminium manufactured?

A

By the electrolysis of molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite

90
Q

What happens at the negative electrode?

A

Hydrogen is produced unless the metal is more reactive than hydrogen
The more reactive ions stay in solution

91
Q

What happens in the positive electrode?

A

If hydroxide ions and halide ions are present, w halide ion will be produced (chlorine bromine iodine)
If no halide oxygen is produced

92
Q

What does the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution produce?

A

Hydrogen
Chlorine
Sodium hydroxide

93
Q

What happens if something is more reactive than hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen is formed

Other substance stays in solution

94
Q

What has to happen for a substance not to be deposited at the negative electrode?

A

It has to be more reactive than hydrogen

Less reactive hydrogen is deposited

95
Q

Where does the object to be plated go?

A

To the negative electrode

96
Q

Where does the plating metal go?

A

The positive electrode

97
Q

What is brine?

A

Sodium chloride solution

C2 - Chemistry (5 decks)

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