Stuff I should know that I dont

Question 1

Carboxylic acids, esters and amides can be changed into one another by reacting with what?

Answer 1

water, alcohols or amines plus a catalyst

Question 2

to change carboxylic acids, esters and amides to alcohols, you need to?

Answer 2

a reducing agent (one that adds hydrogen atoms)

Question 3

Carbon atoms carrying functional groups that can interconvert without reducing or oxidisong agents have?

Answer 3

The same oxidation level

Question 4

Amides can be created into nitriles by?

Answer 4

dehydration

Question 5

Explain the nucleophilc attck by a hydride to a coarbonyl group

Answer 5

the hydride ion would reduce the carbonyl group to the oxidation level of an alcohol, which would therefore be a reduction. NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) is a water soluble salt.

Question 6

What is a distillation?

Answer 6

techniques used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids - liquids with different boiling points. The liquid with the lower boiling point will evaporate and condense first into a collecting glass

Question 7

Acid catalysed substitution reaction of carboxylic acids :

Answer 7

protonation of the c=o oxygen makes the carbonyl more electrophillic (more succeptible to attack). They make the levaing group better by protonation there too. ROH (alcohol) will attack a protonated carboxylic acid

Question 8

Will water attack an ester?

Answer 8

Only if it is protonated!