Stuff I got wrong or helpful information

Question 1

What plane is the appendix in?

Answer 1

interspinous

Question 2

What incision is made for a appendix removal

Answer 2

gridline

Question 3

What happens if you cut the iliohypogastric n?

Answer 3

IO and TA motor deficits

Question 4

What spinal root is the genitofemoral nerve?

Answer 4

L1 + L2

Question 5

what are esophageal varices?

Answer 5

dilated submucosal venous sinuses

Question 6

Barrett’s esophagus puts you at higher risk for what?

Answer 6

Adenocarcinoma

Question 7

What does each of the following do?

Surface Mucous Cells
Mucous Neck Cells
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
G cells

Answer 7

secretes alkaline fluid with mucin

secretes acid fluid with mucin

secretes intrinsic factor with HCl

secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

secretes gastrin

Question 8

What are the invaginations of the mucosa/submucosa of small and large intestine?

Answer 8

crypts of leiberkuhn

Question 9

What cells, present in crypts, have the primary role of absorption?

Answer 9

Enterocytes

Question 10

if something has jaundice in the question, which ligament are you probably looking towards?

Answer 10

hepatoduodenal because of the bile duct

Question 11

What do D cells secrete?

Answer 11

Somatostatin

Question 12

what releases CCK?

Answer 12

enteroendocrine cells of the jejunum

Question 13

what would happen if you got rid of all the chief cells?

Answer 13

elevated levels of undigested proteins

Question 14

what color are parietal and chief cells?

Answer 14

pink and purple respectively

Question 15

What do parietal cells secrete?

what do chief cells secrete?

what do G cells secrete?

Answer 15

intrinsic factor and HCl

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Gastrin, which stimulates production of HCL by parietal cells

Question 16

What is somatostatin produced by?

Answer 16

D cells

Question 17

If you have an over expression of each one of these, what is going to happen for breaking oral tolerance?

IL-10 + TGFB
IL-4
IL6 + IFNG

Answer 17

IL-10 + TGFB would make more Treg, which would be super tough to break oral tolerance

IL-4 stimulates more TH2 cells, which would break it.

IL-6, IFN-gamma both would create more TH1 and TH17, which would suppress TH2, so no oral tolerance breaking

Question 18

normal stomach pH?

duodenum to ileum?

skin?

Answer 18

1-2

6-7.4

5.5

Question 19

Where is FCsigmaRI do?

Answer 19

a marker only found on tissue mast cells and basophils as a high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE.

Question 20

what is a hallmark transcription factor that Treg cells represent?

Th2?

Th17?

Th1?

Answer 20

FoxP3

Gata2

Ror(gamma)t

T-bet

Question 21

High percentage of children have what associated with cow milk?

Answer 21

no IgE specific allergy, so it would by type 3 or type 4.

Question 22

CCL3 is associated with what?

Answer 22

chemotaxis

Question 23

What do food allergens have that drive IgE responses?

Answer 23

HLA class 2

Question 24

What happens physiologically during anaphylaxis

Answer 24

smooth muscle contraction

lowered BP

constriction of airways

release of prostaglandins and leukotriene