Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastroenterology I > Digestive System / Peritoneal Membranes > Flashcards

Digestive System / Peritoneal Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

exceptions?

A

all of the Epithelium and all of the glands except the mouth and anal canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

smooth muscle + connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the neural crest cells give rise to?

A

autonomic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

mouth (1st arch portion) and anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the separation point for the foregut/midgut/hindgut?

A

wherever the yolk sac is attaching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Midgut portions?

A

small intestine (past the major papilla), cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right half of the transverse colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Foregut portion?

A

pharynx, respiratory system.

esophagus, stomach, liver/pancreas, biliary apparatus, proximal duodenum

the boundary changes just distal to the major duodenal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hindgut portions?

A

Left half of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior anal canal, and the urinary bladder/urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Foregut artery is supplied by what artery?

midgut?

hindgut?

A

celiac trunk

Superior Mesenteric artery (sma)

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (ima)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the smooth muscle of the esophagus coming from?

skeletal muscle from the esophagus comes from where?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

mesoderm or pharyngeal arches 4/6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TE)

esophageal atresia?

A

happens at week 5 (failure of tracheoesophageal septum to fold correctly)

abnormal passage between tracheal and esophagus.

blind end esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does TE fistula present with?

A

frothy saliva, not able to swallow it.

polyhydramnios (too much fluid).

we’ll send down a NG tube and if it coils, TE fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the stomach development?

What about the vagus nerves? (mnemonic)

A

happens week 4

the dorsal surface is going to grow larger and have an out pocketing. We then have rotation along the longitudinal axis, and then an AP rotation as well.

Left Vagus is now anterior, right vagus is now posterior after the rotations. (LARP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

what do they present with?

what plane would you see this at? what would it feel like?

A

circular muscles around the pyloric sphincters hypertrophy. It’s a knot at the pylorus of the stomach

immediately after feeding so the baby has nonbilous and forceful vomiting

as it progresses there are fewer and fewer stools. lose weight or failure to gain weight.

could feel an olive like mass at L1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the liver and biliary system formed?

when is bile formed?

hematopoeisis?

A

all is coming from a single hepatic diverticulum (gives rise to liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic bud)

the liver continues to grow superiorly to the septum transversum (becomes the diaphragm), to fuse to it.

gallbladder splits off and fuses to the liver.

the stalk of the diverticulum is the bile duct.

produced by the 12th week

starts 6 to week 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stroma and coupler cells (of the liver) (cells that migrated in) come from where?

hepatocytes of the liver, the cells of the organs that are doing its functional business?

A

mesoderm

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the pancreas formed?

what forms the body and tail and part of head?

what forms the rest of the head and the uncinate process?

what forms the main pancreatic duct (ventral duct) (part that opens to the duodenum)

A

you have a ventral pancreatic bud (that came from the hepatic diverticulum) gets a rotation and it fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud. this is where we get our pancreas being formed.

dorsal primordia

ventral primordial

also part of the ventral primordia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

how do they present?

if this annular pancreas was above or below the bile duct, what would you expect?

A

causes obstruction to the duodenum

the ventral pancreatic bud is bifed and it rotates in the wrong direction, which fuses it to the dorsal in the wrong area, forming a ring in the second part of the duodenum.

2/3 of patients are asymptomatic.. (not a tight right)

if it was tight, it would be similar to pyloric stenosis except the vomit is sometimes billous (depends on if its above or below the bile duct region.

bile or not in the vomit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spleen: where does it come from? why is it different?

what week is it formed?

what does it do and what weeks is it?

A

foregut but it doesn’t come from endoderm, it comes from mesoderm!

most organs are endoderm

forms during week 5

9-28, helps with hematopoiesis.

20
Q

how does the midgut rotate? (long answer)

what is the axis, how does it start

what is rotating and going underneath stuff

what ends up behind what

when does this happen and when does it come back in.

what is the total degree of rotation

A

we have this U shaped structure

the superior mesenteric artery is the axis and is herniating out into the umbilical cord.

the midgut loop makes a quarter turn counterclockwise, the distal part develops a bulge that becomes the cecum and the proximal loop becomes convoluted (small intestine)

(the cranial part becomes the small intestine
the caudal part becomes the large intestine)

proximal part passes under the distal part.

the distal part returns last and ends over to the right.

(the proximal part of the midgut ends up behind the distal midgut - which is the duodenum being behind the transverse colon)

it herniates out (at week 6) into the umbilical cord and rotates 90 degrees. it comes back in at week 10 and does another 180 degrees turns (one for the small, one for the large intestine), totaling 270 degree rotation.

21
Q

What is a Omphalocele? when does it happen?

what is covering it (2 things)

A

failure of the bowel to return to the body cavity

week 10.. it’s a membrane covering the guts.. because it went out to the umbilical cord. so it’s covered with peritoneum and ectoderm (amnion) covers the sac.

22
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

what week does this happen?

A

failure of body wall to close.

we do not have a sac covering the guts. Week 4. problem with the anterior abdominal wall on the right side.

they’re trapped outside of the body wall

23
Q

Umbilical hernias are not what? why?

A

Omphalocele

everything returns where it should, but the umbilicus is just a weak spot so later it can herneate back out, but that’s to do with increased abdominal pressure, not embryological.

24
Q

What is Hirschsprung Disease?

A

megacolon

most common cause of neonatal obstruction

***problem with neural crest cells because there’s absence of ganglion c ells (aganglionosis).. ENS still present, but no ganglion there to help

there’s no parasympathetics where the ganglion are missing so the sympathetics take over = constriction

the part that’s filled with feces (before it) is normal, but the distal part is so narrow that you get a big part of the

25
Q

Congenital inguinal hernia happens with direct or indirect?

A

indirect. it goes through the inguinal canal

26
Q

What other midgut rotations are possible? symptoms?

A

non rotation.. the small intestine is on the right side and the small intestine is on the left side.

some people are asymptomatic, but the flexures now are super tight so you can get obstruction easier.

reverse rotation = it rotates in the wrong direction. The transverse colon is now posterior to the duodenum (instead of the opposite), so the duodenum can cause an obstruction in the transverse colon.

27
Q

How does the gut lumen form?

what could happen if done incorrectly? (2 things)

A

hollow tube + endodermal proliferation

then recanalization through apoptosis

then we have the completed lumen.

you could have a duplication where it creates a side pouch and food can accumulate and it can fill and rupture through the wall.

we could also get a stenosis where apoptosis didn’t occur correctly and we have a narrowing in the canal.

28
Q

What is Meckel’s Diverticulum?

what structure is it associated with?

what boards mnemonic do we use?

A

abnormality of the vitelline duct (normally regresses) that is attached to the umbilicus and pulls the ileum

it pulls on the ileum and creates a pouch. so the ileum is projected to the abdominal wall.

can lead to intestinal obstruction, GI bleeding, bowel sepsis.

Rule of 2’s. 2% pop, 2 feet from ileocecal junction, 2 inches long, 2 types of ectopic tissue, 2 year olds present, effects males 2x as often.

29
Q

What is an omphalomesenteric fistula?

’’ cyst?

’’ ligament?

A

extreme meckels pretty much. You have feces dribbling out of your umbilicus. the vitelline duct persisted and didn’t close.

not a problem, we see them post mortum.

fibrous band that connected the ileum to the umbilicus, but didn’t cause meckels.

30
Q

Urorectal septum does what? what are the two divisions.

what do these two things become?

what is it made of? what is missing and why?

what does the urorectal septum become? and what is it made of?

A

grows towards the cloacal membrane and divides it… to anal membrane and urogenital membrane

urogenital membrane –> forms bladder and urethra

anal membrane –> anus

both of those are ectoderm and endoderm.. no mesoderm because we want it to rupture.

the urorectal septum is mesoderm.

perineal body

31
Q

What does the hindgut give rise to for the anal canal? (above pectinate line)

what is the blood vessels? nerve supply? lymphatics?

what does the lower portion coming from?

blood vessels? nerve supply? lymphatics?

A

upper 2/3. (superior to the pectinate line)

IMA
autonomics
Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

from ectoderm (proctodeum) lower 1/3.

middle + inferior rectal A.
Pudendal N. (somatic N so voluntary control).. you can feel pain in this region!
superficial inguinal lymph nodes

32
Q

What needs to happen for the anorectal region to happen correctly? (2 things)

ex) anal stenosis? covered anus? recto-urethral fistula? rectal atresia

A

endoderm and proctodeum ectoderm must meet at the right place otherwise you won’t have a good opening.

urorectal septum needs to migrate correctly and separate the cloaca.

ectoderm is narrow but otherwise OK.
problem with ectoderm.
septum doesn’t go so you have stuff mixing
hindgut didn’t migrate as far as it should have.

33
Q

what happens to separate the cardial cavity and the peritoneal region? (4 structures help)

pretty much how is the heart, abdomen, and lungs separated from each other?

A

pericardial cavity (for the heart), 2 pleural cavities (for the lungs), and one peritoneal cavity (abdomen).

pleuropericardial membrane separates the heart from lungs

pleuroperitoneal membrane (somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm) fuses with septum transversum and creates the abdominal cavity.

34
Q

How is the diaphragm formed?

A

Septum transversum doesn’t migrate all the way to the posterior body wall. We need the pleuroperitoneal membranes from the somatic layer of the lateral plate… they grow towards the septum transversum and fuse. after that tissue is pulled from body wall and that gives rise to the rest of the diaphragm.

35
Q

What things do we see on the diaphragm in lab? 2 things

what are they coming from?

A

(central tendon) - from Septum transversum

(right and left crus) - coming from dorsal mesentary of esophagus

36
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?

what is it called?

where does it usually happen?

what do kids present with?

A

defective fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membranes

Foramen of Bachtalect

85-90% on the left side.

abdominal contents go up into the thorax. polyhydramnios, hypo plastic lungs.

37
Q

Mesentary of the peritoneal cavity is what?

A

double layer of splanchnic mesoderm (serous membrane) (allow blood vessels and nerves to get to the organs.

comes around the gut tube and comes back around

38
Q

What is the dorsal mesocardium?

what mesenteries are in the abdominal cavity and liver? what does each give rise to?

midgut and hindgut mesenteries? (4 of them)

A

degenerates leaving the transverse pericardial sinus

dorsal mesogastrium (dorsal mesentery but attached to the stomach so this is what its called)–> gives rise to the greater omentum.. this attaches to the posterior wall
the
ventral mesogastrium create the lesser omentum
the falciform ligament comes from the ventral mesentary too

mesoduodenum –> mesentary around duodenum

mesentary proper - mesentary containing the jejunum and ileum

mesocolon - mesentary around the transverse colon and sigmoid colon

mesorectum - mesentary around the rectum

39
Q

What are the different segments of the dorsalmesogastrium?
ventralmesogastrium?

ventral mesogastrium and ventral mesentary?

remember.. the dorsal mesentary is subdivided into dorsal mesogastrium and ventral mesogastrium, the ventral mesentary doesn’t split.

A

splenorenal ligament (ligament from spleen and kidney)

gastrolienal ligament (gastrosplenic –> from stomach to spleen)

-greater omentum

Ventral mesogastrium = lesser omentum
ventral mesentary - falciform ligament.

40
Q

What happens to the greater omentum?

how many layers are there?

what is the omental bursa?

A

as the stomach is doing its longitudinal rotation it pulls the dorsal mesentary over and over until you have this Long dorsal mesentary that’s going to the stomach. this thing fuses forming the greater omentum. it’s a fusion of 2 double layers, 4 layers in total of splanchnic mesoderm.

omental bursa (lesser sac) is a space between the stomach and the posterior body wall

41
Q

some structures are completely surrounded in mesentary, but some of them will attach to the posterior body wall and become retroperitoneal. which ones will do this?

these are called secondary retroperitoneal actually because some of the parts are still itnraperitoneal

A

STARTED in the mesentary but then fused, didn’t start out in the posterior body wall like the kidneys

(mesogastrium dorsal to spleen) Pancreas (except for the tail)

(mesoduodenum) duodenum (2-4 parts)

ascending + descending colon

42
Q

After rotation of the stomach, what happens to the ventral border, dorsal border, left and right side?

AFTER THE FIRST TURN

A

becomes right
becomes left
ventral
dorsal

43
Q

why does the midgut jut out into the umbilical cord, why can’t it do it where it’s at?

A

the liver and kidney are huge and there is no room

44
Q

what is mesentary? (2 ways of thinking about it)

what about the parietal layer of the peritoneum?

visceral layer?

A

double layer of serous membrane OR a double layer of the splanchnic mesoderm!

comes from somatic layer of the lateral plate

it attaches the organs and going around them. THAT’S A MESENTARY!

45
Q

What’s the difference between dorsal and ventral mesenteries?

important to know about ventral?

A

dorsal attaches to the posterior body wall

ventral attaches to the anterior wall (most degenerate!! with the exception of foregut)

46
Q

What parts of the gut are intraperitoneal?

retroperitoneal?

A 
stomach
tail of the pancreas
first part of duodenum
jejunum, ileum,
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

pancreas (exception tail)
duodenum (2-4)
ascending/descending colon

Gastroenterology I (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions