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1
Q

Movement of BR?

A

There has been a long term decline the the birth rate since 1900 - 28.7.

Today - 10.7.

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2
Q

The UK’s TFR movement.

A

Has rose since 2001 but still much lower than in the past. In 2001 it was 1.63. In 2006 it rose to 1.84.

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3
Q

These changes in the TFR and BR reflect that: 1.

A

More women are remaining childless than in the past.

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4
Q

These changes in TFR and BR reflect that: 2.

A

More women are postponing having children. Average age of giving birth is now 29.6. And fertility rates for women in their 30/49s are on the increase, and older women may produce less children as they may be less fertile.

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5
Q

TFR:

A

The average number of babies a women will have during her fertile years.

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6
Q

Birth rate.

A

The number of live births ever 1000 of the population per year.

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7
Q

Reasons - decline in BR: Changes in position of women: 1.

A

Changing attitudes to family life and women’s role.

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8
Q

Reasons - decline BR- position - 2.

A

Access to abortion and reliable contraception, giving women more control over their fertility.

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9
Q

Reasons - decline BR - 3.

A

Increased ed. opportunities.

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10
Q

Result of changes in positions of women - BR

A

Women now see other opportunities and possibilities in life apart from the traditional role of housewife and mother. Many postponing/not having children in order to pursue a career.

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11
Q

IMR

A

Measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday,clear 1000 babies born alive, per year.

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12
Q

Why do many sociologists argue that a fall in the IMR means a fall in the BR.

A

If many infants die, parents will have more children to replace them, thus increasing the BR. However, if infants survive, parents will have fewer.

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13
Q

IMR - 1900

A

154/1000

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14
Q

Today - IMR

A

5/1000

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15
Q

Reasons for decline in IMR: 1.

A

Improved housing/better sanitation, reduced infectious disease. Infants are more susceptible to diseases as their immune systems are less developed.

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16
Q

Reasons for the decline in IMR: 2.

A

Better knowledge of hygiene, child health and welfare.

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17
Q

Reasons for decline in IMR: 3.

A

Better nutrition including that of mothers.

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18
Q

Until the…

A

19th century children were economic assets as they could go out to work early. However, this changed in the late 19th century due to a number of reasons, including: introduction of compulsory schooling/raising of school leaving ages/laws banning child labour - economically dependent on parents for longer.

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19
Q

Economic liability 2.

A

Changing norms and values mean of what children are entitled to expect from their parents in material terms have changed. Means that the cost of brining up children has increased. Parents feel less likely/able to bring up more children.

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20
Q

Childhood has been socially constructed?

A

Childhood has been socially constructed as in important part of an individuals life. This has encouraged a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’, as parents now have fewer children and lavish more attention on the few.

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21
Q

Slight increase in the BR since 2001. One reason:

A

Is because of immigration. Babies born to mothers outside the UK made up for 22% of all births in the UK in 2005.

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22
Q

Effects of changes in fertility: 1.

A

Smaller families mean that women are more likely to be able to go out to work as well as the man.

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23
Q

Dependency ratio.

A

Relationship between the size of the working population and the dependent population. The earnings/taxes/savings of the working population supports the dependent population.

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24
Q

As Children are part of the dependency population.

A

The decrease in TFR and BR reduces the ‘burden of dependency’ on the working population.

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25
Long term of decrease in TFR and BR - Dependency ratio.
Fewer babies being born means fewer adults and a smaller working population in the future. Therefore 'burden of dependency' may increase.
26
Overall No. Of deaths has remained...
...fairly stable since 1900. It was 600, 000 per year. However, this was out of a much smaller population.
27
Important fluctuations in deaths.
14-18 / 39-45
28
Death rate.
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.
29
DR in 1900.
19/1000
30
DR in 2007.
10/1000. Nearly halved.
31
Reasons for decline in DR: 1. N.L Tranter.
Argues that over three-quarters of the decline in the DR from about 1850 to 1970 was due to a fall in the no. of deaths caused by infectious disease.
32
Reasons for decline in DR: 2. McKeowyn.
Argues improved nutrition accounted for up to half of the reduction in DR's. This is because better nutrition improved our resistance to infection and increased our survival chances if infected.
33
Criticism of McKeowyn.
Does not explain why women, who usually receive a smaller share of the food supply, lived longer than males.
34
Reasons for decline in DR: 3. Public health measures/env improvements.
Improved housing (better ventilation/drier), pure drinking water, improved sewage disposal methods - reduce illnesses. The clean air act, reduced air pollution, such as the smog that led to 4000 premature deaths in 1952.
35
Reasons for decline in DR: 4. Other social changes.
1. Decline in dangerous occupations (e.g, mining). | 2. Smaller families reduced the rate of transmission of infections.
36
Life expectancy.
How long on average in a given year a person can expect to live for.
37
Life expectancy today for males.
76.9 years.
38
Life expectancy today for females.
81.2 years.
39
One reason why LE was lower in 1900.
So many infants did not survive beyond early years of life. Over 15% of babies died in their first year of life in 1900.
40
Average age of UK population is rising. In 1971 and 2007.
In 1971 - 34.7. In 2007 - 39.6.
41
There are fewer you...
...ng people than old people in the population.
42
Effects of ageing population: 1. Public services.
Old people use public services/health care more frequently than young people. Will put pressure on services.
43
Effects of ageing population: 1. Public services... Beware...
Beware of over generalising - many people remain in good health in old age.
44
Effects of ageing population: 2. Economically independent.
Old people are part of the economically dependent groups and therefore increase the 'burden of dependency' on the working population.
45
Effects of ageing population 2: Economically dependent... Wrong...
It's wrong to say that 'old' people are economically independent as the age of retirement varies.
46
Ageism - effect of ageing population?
Negative stereotyping of people on the basis of age. Often portray people as a burden or incompetent.
47
Townsend. Reason for negative attitudes towards old age.
Socially constructed as a period of dependency.
48
Immigration.
Movement into and area or society.
49
Emigration.
Movement out of an area or society.
50
Net migration.
Difference between migration out and migration in expressed as a net increase or a net decrease.
51
For most of the 20th century, the growth of the UK's...
...population has been the result of natural increase, because before 1980's the number of people immigrating was lower than the number of people emigrating.
52
Reasons for increase in immigration since 1980's.
'Push'/'Pull' factors. E.g, low wages/economic recession/higher wages/more opportunities abroad.
53
(Migration) Between 1994 and...
...2004, immigration rose from 314, 000 to 520, 000 annually,
54
(Migration) Between 1994 to 2004 emigration...
...rose from 238, 000 to 360, 000 annually.
55
(Migration) 2004 Net Migration.
In 2004 there was a net migration of 223, 000 people into the UK.
56
Increase in divorce, reasons: Changes in the law have made divorce easier: 1.
Widened the grounds of divorce.
57
Changes in the law have made divorce easier: 2.
Making divorce cheaper.
58
Changes in the law have made divorce easier: 3.
Made divorce cheaper.
59
Other solutions to ending unhappy marriages: 1.
Desertion. One partner leaves but they stay legally married.
60
Other solutions to unhappy marriages include: 2.
Legal Separation. The court separates the financial and legal affairs of the couple but where they remain married and are not free to re-marry.
61
Other solutions to unhappy marriage: 3.
'Empty Shell' marriages. Couple continues to live under the same roof but remain married in name only
62
Reasons for increase in divorce: 1.
Declining stigma attached and changing attitudes.
63
Reasons for increase in divorce: 2.
Secularisation.
64
Reasons for increase in divorce: 3. Fletcher.
People have overly high expectation of marriage and love - disappointed.
65
Reasons for increase in divorce: 4
Changes in position of women. Less economically dependent on men.
66
Feminists see the increase of divorce as...
...desirable, as they see it as women breaking free from the patriarchal and oppressive nuclear family.
67
NR see the high divorce rates as...
...undesirable as they argue it undermines the nuclear family. Say that divorce creates an underclass of welfare dependent female lone parents and leaves boys without adult role models. Women can't disc them on their own.
68
Functionalists see divorce as...
...showing that people simply have higher expectations of marriage. Nuclear family not under threat unlike NR.
69
Fewer people marrying: Reasons: 1.
Changes in position of women.
70
Fewer people marrying: Reasons: 2.
Secularisation.
71
Fewer people marrying: Reasons: 3.
Changing attitudes/decline of stigma.
72
Fewer people marrying: Reasons: 4.
Fear of divorce.
73
Cohabitation.
Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship.
74
Reasons for increase in cohabitation: 1.
Decline in stigma of sex outside of marriage.
75
Reasons for increased cohabitation: 2.
Increased career opportunities. Women have less need for the financial security of marriage.
76
Reasons for increase in cohabitation: 3.
Secularisation.
77
Lone...
...person households. Big increase.
78
Reasons for increase in lone person households: 1.
Increase in divorce/separation.
79
Reasons for increase in Lone person households: 2. Duncan and Philips.
Found that 1 in 10 adults are living apart together - in a significant relationship but not living together or married.
80
Reasons for increase in children born outside of marriage: 1.
Women have more options than traditional...
81
Lone parent families made up...
...24% of all families.
82
Reasons for increase in lone parent families: 1.
Increase in divorce/separation.
83
Reasons for increase in lone parent families: 2.
Decline in stigma of having sex outside of marriage. Never married women who have children.
84
NR views on lone parent families.
Firmly opposed to them. Argue unnatural. Women can't disc children. Only one correct family type - nuclear family. (similarly to Parsons...)
85
Amato - NR - lone parent families.
Children in these other family types more likely to have trouble with ed. /crime/health problems.
86
Oakley. Lone parent families.
Nuclear/roles not biological. Socially constructed.
87
Chester.
Only significant change is a move from dominant nuclear family to what he calls the neo conventional family. This is a dual earner family where both spouses go out to paid work.

Sociology (12 decks)

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