stuff Flashcards
What are causes of neonatal hypotonia
neonatal sepsis
Werdnig-Hoffman disease (spinal muscular atrophy type 1)
hypothyroidism
Prader-Willi
maternal drugs e.g. benzodiazepines
maternal myasthenia gravis
What is craniosynostosis
premature fusion of skull bones
Limp + fever what do you do
admit urgently
What is enuresis defined as
‘involuntary discharge of urine by day or night or both, in a child aged 5 years or older, in the absence of congenital or acquired defects of the nervous system or urinary tract’
How do you treat infantile spasms
poor prognosis
vigabatrin is now considered first-line therapy
ACTH is also used
What can cause snoring in children
obesity
nasal problems: polyps, deviated septum, hypertrophic nasal turbinates
recurrent tonsillitis
Down’s syndrome
hypothyroidism
What are features of acute epiglottis
rapid onset
high temperature, generally unwell
stridor
drooling of saliva
‘tripod’ position: the patient finds it easier to breathe if they are leaning forward and extending their neck in a seated position
Pansystolic murmur in lower left sternal border
VSD
How do you diagnose whooping cough
per nasal swab culture for Bordetella pertussis - may take several days or weeks to come back
PCR and serology are now increasingly used as their availability becomes more widespread
What is the cause of bronchioloitis
RSV - Respiratory syncytial virus
How do you treat CP
mdt approach
spasticity - oral diazepam. oral and intrathecal baclofen
Anticonvulsants and analgesia when required
What are features of an atypical UTI
Seriously ill
Poor urine flow
Abdominal or bladder mass
Raised creatinine
Septicaemia
Failure to respond to treatment with suitable antibiotics within 48 hours
Infection with non-E. coli organisms.
How do you manage hypospadias
referral to specialist services
corrective surgery performed at 12 months
do not circumcise
How do you manage ADHD
education/training programs
methylphenidate
What is epsteins pearl
congenital cyst found in the mouth. They are common on the hard palate, but may also be seen on the gums where the parents may mistake it for an erupting tooth
What are the tow types of innocent murmur
venous hums
stills murmur
what heart condition is linked to duchennes
dilated cardiomyopathy
Do you need exclusion for diarrhoea and vomiting
until symptoms have settled for 48 hours
what is exomphalos (omphalocoele) and how is is treated
In exomphalos (also known as an omphalocoele) the abdominal contents protrude through the anterior abdominal wall but are covered in an amniotic sac formed by amniotic membrane and peritoneum.
caesarean section is indicated to reduce the risk of sac rupture
a staged repair may be undertaken as primary closure may be difficult due to lack of space/high intra-abdominal pressure
Do you need exclusion for scabies
until treated
What is the main risk factor for aspiration pneumonia
meconium staining
What are features of kallmans
‘delayed puberty’
hypogonadism, cryptorchidism
anosmia
sex hormone levels are low
LH, FSH levels are inappropriately low/normal
patients are typically of normal or above average height
outline paeds bls
unresponsive?
shout for help
open airway
look, listen, feel for breathing
give 5 rescue breaths
check for signs of circulation
infants use brachial or femoral pulse, children use femoral pulse
15 chest compressions:2 rescue breaths
chest compressions should be 100-120/min for both infants and children
depth: depress the lower half of the sternum by at least one-third of the anterior-posterior dimension of the chest (which is approximately 4 cm for an infant and 5 cm for a child)
in children: compress the lower half of the sternum
in infants: use a two-thumb encircling technique for chest compression
How do you manage diaphragmatic hernia
insertion of nasogastric tube (intubation and ventilation)
surgical repair