STUDYS Flashcards
(harris et al 2006)
examined the effects of beta alanine supplementation In human skeletal muscle carnosine concentration
Examined the effects of 4 weeks of beta alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations
- 2.3g daily over a 4 week period G1
- 6.4g daily over a 4 week period G2
Each group showed significant increases in carnosine content
(Majid et al 2018)
double blind randomized control trial
- examined the effect of l carntine and exercise performance in 23 restiance trained men for 9 weeks
- assessed exercise induced oxidative stress and anerobic capacity
“l carntitne suppelmentation enhances performace while attentuating blood lactate and oxidative stress in response to resitance exercise”
Saunders et al. (2014)
twenty-one active men
- 0.3 g/kg sodium bicarb or placebo
- Did Time-to-exhaustion ride at 110% Wmax
Found:
- Individual variability in response to sodium carbonate
- For some there is an improvement in performance
- Some - performance decreases
Dunnwald et al. (2019
As we go up in altitude, we seem to loose body weight - in the meta-analysis by Dunnwald et al. (2019):
It was discovered that at extreme altitudes, individuals can lose up to 5 kg of body weight,
with a significant portion coming from fat-free mass.
The extent of weight loss depends on various factors, including duration of exposure to altitude and genetic predisposition.
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(GOUSE ET AL 2015)
separated them into whether they were iron deficient before the start or had normal levels before the training cam…
Found :If you are iron deficient before the start of altitude camp( not eating enough iron or even supplementing iron throughout the altitude camp) – there is no benefit on the changes in haemoglobin mass, so you wont be getting those adaptations that you are trying to achieve at the camp
He then looked at the group who was iron deficient tat the start , but then received supplements throughout the altitude training camp…
Found: athletes where able to increase their haemoglobin mass
He had a control group who had people who had normal iron concentrations before the start of the altitude camp and supplemented with iron throughout
Found: saw good haemoglobin mass adaptations
Suggest that iron status In an athlete is very important to attain those beneficial adaptations
(Levine & Stray-Gundersen, 1997)
The “live high, train low” method of altitude training involves athletes living at high altitude (usually above 2,000 meters) to stimulate physiological adaptations to hypoxia, while conducting their training sessions at lower altitudes (typically near sea level) to maintain high-intensity training and performance.
This approach aims to capitalize on the benefits of altitude acclimatization while minimizing the negative effects of reduced oxygen availability on training intensity and performance.
(Bonetti & Hopkins, 2009)
In a meta-analysis (Bonetti & Hopkins, 2009) of sea level performance after altitude exposure, it was found that in elite athletes, enhancement of maximal endurance power output was only possible (i.e. ~50% chance of enhancement) with natural LHTL (4.0%).
Levine & Stray-Gundersen (1997)
Enhanced Aerobic Capacity - Living at high altitude stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) and increases blood volume, leading to improvements in aerobic capacity and endurance performance. These adaptations are facilitated by exposure to the chronic hypoxia experienced at high altitude.
Maintenance of Training Intensity- By conducting training sessions at lower altitudes where oxygen availability is higher, athletes can maintain higher training intensities compared to training exclusively at high altitude. This allows athletes to perform high-intensity workouts, such as interval training or speed work, which are crucial for maximizing performance gains.
Improved Recovery- Training at lower altitudes may enhance recovery between high-intensity sessions by providing optimal oxygen availability for muscle repair and glycogen replenishment. This can help prevent overtraining and optimize training adaptations.
(Fulco et al., 2013)
“research suggests that altitudes between 2000m and 3000m above sea level are often considered optimal for altitude training to elicit physiological adaptations”
Chapman et al. (2014)
-Looked at defining the dose of altitude (high how they needed to live to get an enhancement at sea level performance
-Baseline group - 4 week training study at lower levels of altitude to get bassline parameters before moving the athletes to various levels of altitude
-Took 12 athletes independently to the different altitudes 1700-3000m in altitude
Found: time trail performance
-Based on what they were doing after the first training camp, pre altitude , they can see very little changes at the lower altitudes at 1700
-Seeing 3-4% increase immediately post altitude at more higher elevations
-No changes in performance at 3000m
2 weeks later
- Performance has sustained (3-4% higher than before altitude training)
- Little or not effect in lower altitudes of 1700m
-No effect at the people at the 3000m
(Crust, Swann, Allen-Collinson, 2016)
Aim: explore the lived experiences of mentally tough high-altitude mountaineers, focusing on how MT influences DM, and how participants’ cognitions and behaviours play out in a dangerous activity.
Participants
- Fourteen high-altitude mountaineers participated in the study, with the gender ratio of ten
men to four women consistent with participation rates in extreme endurance sports.
- Participants reported climbing in the Himalaya for a minimum of six years with some
reporting over 30 years climbing 8000m mountains.
Interviews
- Employed a phenomenological approach. Seeking rich in-depth experiences. - Completed MTQ48 to ascertain whether they were mentally tough.
- Interviews lasted between 48 and 93 minutes 13 (M = 73 min.)
Key themes found
- Accepting risk
- Managing the risk
- Calculated risk and rewards
- Pushing hard without sensing danger - Sacrificing goals to help others.
Discussion points
* While MT is evidently important to success in mountaineering, it is possible that high MT,
alongside other situational factors, might predispose some mountaineers to persist too long
and take undue risks.
- Mountaineers were prepared to take calculated risks, although there was clear evidence of
risk-management and taking preventative actions to reduce risk rather than merely ignoring it. Bearing in mind these participants survived to tell the tale!
(crust & clough et al 2011) Inheritance
Brain structure between tough individuals
- Reported a positive correlation between higher mental toughness score and more grey matter tissue volume in the right
frontal lobe
(Horsburgh,schermer, veselka & Vernon 2009)
Twins complete a mental toughness questionnaire and found that like
most other personality traits, mental toughness had a strong genetic component but was also influenced by environmental factors (interactions with others)
Clough et al. (2002)
4Cs model Clough et al. (2002)
framework used to understand mental toughness, particularly in sports psychology. It outlines four components that contribute to mental toughness: challenge, control, commitment, and confidence.
(Ahmet et al 2009)
“effect of creatine supplementation on performance capcity in middle distance runners”
30g/day for 6 days
2 training sessions before and after
found - increases in training performance and running performance
