Studying Meaning Flashcards
It is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences
Semantics
deals with the conventional meaning conveyed
Linguistics semantics
there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean
Semantic Analysis
covers those basic essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word
Conceptual meaning
It is the entity that performs the action
Agent
It is involved in or affected by the action
Theme
When an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action
Instrument
When a noun or phrase is used to designate an entity as
Experiencer
where the entity is
Location
where the entity moves from
Source
where the entity moves to
Goal
What are the lexical relations?
Synonyms
Antonyms
Hyponymy
Prototype
Homophones
Homonyms
Polysemy
Metonymy
Collocation
two or more words with very closely related meanings
synonyms
two forms with opposite meanings
antonyms
What are the types of antonyms?
Gradable and non-gradable
It is opposite along a scale
Gradable
It is the direct opposites
Non-gradable
when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another
Hyponymy
helps explain the meaning of certain words, not in terms of component features but in terms of resemblance to the clearest example.
prototype
two or more different (written forms) have the same pronunciation
Homophones
when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings.
Homonyms
when we encounter two or more words with the same form and related meanings
Polysemy
A type of relationship based on a close connection in everyday experience, which can be based on: container-contents relation (bottle / water, can /juice) whole-part relation (car / wheels, house / roof) representative-symbol relationship (king / crown, the President /White House).
Metonymy
One way we seem to organize our knowledge of words.
Collocation
it is the interaction of semantic knowledge with knowledge of the world
Pragmatics
This means the literal meaning
Denotation
are produced by a particular sender in a specific situation
Utterances
It is an abstract linguistic object on which an utterance is based
Sentence
What are the three stages of interpretation
Literal Meaning
Explicature
Implicature
- semantic knowledge
- semantics of sentence in the abstract
Literal Meaning
- basic interpretation using contextual information
- pragmatics of reference and disambiguation
Explicature
- hinted by an utterance in its particular context. It is what the sender’s “agenda” is.
- Pragmatic hints
Implicature
whatever the expression denotes
Denotation
the process of learning words by pint
Ostension
systems of formal logic
Formal Semantics
aspects of the meaning of an expression that give it the dentation it has
sense
use language to explain meanings
sense relations
