Study these Exam 2 Flashcards
Electron movement in ETC
NADH Dehydrogenase -> ubuinone (carrier) -> cytochrome c reductase -> cytocrome c (carrier) -> cytochrome c Oxidase
Proton motive force 2 forces
Membrane potential (sep of charge)
pH (proton concentration)
Is ATP synthesis reversible?
Yes - ATP hydroylsis
pumps protons out
the pH gradient can also move ___ and ___ into the matrix
Pyruvate and phosphate
The voltage gradient also pumps ___ out
and pumps ___ in
ATP out
ADP in
The Rapid Conversion of ADP to ATP in Mitochondria Maintains ___ ratio of ATP/ADP
high ratio of ATP to ADP
Uncoupling agents
Carriers that insert H+ into the ETC that stop ETC production
why do all of the ETC reactions have negative ΔG
because the increasing redox potential
Proton pumping is coupled to…
chemiosmotic coupling. Or electron transport.
Photosynthesis generates and then consumes…
ATP and NADPH
How do NADPH and NADH differ
NADPH is anabolic and has a phosphate
NADH is catabolic
wavelengths absorbed by chlorphyl
430 nm blue
660 nm red
Photosynthesis light reactionn steps
Light hits antennae
-> excited electrons
-> bump chlorophyll pair
-> sends electrons out with plastoquinone
-> pumps protons through b6-f-complex
-> electrons arrive at ATP synthase
Photosystem II products
O2, ATP, H+
Photosystem I products
NADPH
Carbon fixation products per cycle
in)
3 CO2
9 ATP
6 NADPH
out)
1 G3P
9 ADP
6 NADP+
where does photosynthesis happen?
Carbon Fixation?
Thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Citric acid cycle generates NADH by oxidizing ___ groups to CO2
Acetyl groups
3 stages of digestion
Digestion
Glycolysis + pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
CAC + Oxidative phosphorylation
the entry of glucose into glycolysis is regulated by
step 3)
the enzyme phosphofructokinase
Step 4 of glycolysis
Cleavage, only the G3P can immediately enter glycolysis, the other product is isomerased to become G3P
Step 6 of glycolysis
G3P is oxidized by dehydrogenase enzyme, producing NADH
Also gain a phosphate
Step 7 and 10 of glycolysis
generate ATP
Is NAD+ kept high or low?
NADPH?
very low, drives reaction, NAD+ is later regenerated by fermentation or ETC
NADPH needs to be kept high fo anabolic reactions
Significance of step 6 and 7
step 6 oxidation drives the substrate level phosphorylation of step 7
Oxidative Phosphorylation ins and outs
ins O2 and NADH
outs H2O and ATP
Gluconeogensis
reversal of glycolysis with fructose 1-6-biphosphatase to generate fructose-6-phosphate]
requires 4 ATP and 2 GTP
Phosphofructokinase
allosterically regulates glycolysis in step 3
adds phosphate group to fructose -6-phosphate to generate fructose 1,6-biphosphate
In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, __________-energy electrons are taken from __________.x
low, H2O
