Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All proteins in a cell are made by the same 20 different ______?

A

amino acids

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2
Q

what is the observable characteristic that best distinguishes archaea from bacteria.

A

archaea is found in harsh environments

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3
Q

The __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

nuclear membrane/envelope

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4
Q

where are chlorophyll molecules located in chloroplast

A

thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

role of the lysosome?

A

clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
disposes of unwanted molecules/digestion

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6
Q

Peroxisomes

A

small, membrane-bound organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out biochemical reactions that generate and remove harmful, highly reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.

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7
Q

Microtubules __________ (do this) and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

A

rapidly reorganize

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8
Q

how much bigger are eukaryotic cells than prokaryotic

A

10x longer, 1000x more volume

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9
Q

T/F The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed compartments through which materials destined for secretion must pass.

A

True

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10
Q

Cells can create copies of themselves by

A

growing and dividing

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11
Q

central dogma

A

DNA is replicated, DNA transcribed to RNA translated to amino acids

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12
Q

Bacteria

A

greatest diversity, commensurate with
their ability to colonize nearly every ecological
niche on the planet

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13
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryote (different cell wall
structure than bacteria)

*Lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall

  • Circular DNA in a single chromosome, but with multiple origins of
    replication
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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes form a remarkably
small slice of overall global diversity]
given their close kinship with archaea, some
scientists have proposed combining eukaryotes
and archaea into a single domain

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15
Q

Asgard archaea

A

ectosymbionts found on cell, all eukaryotes trace back to them

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16
Q

Beggiatoa chemosynthesis

A

a bacterium that oxidizes H2S to produce sulfur and fix carbon in the dark

17
Q

Mitochondria generate usable energy from

A

food molecules

18
Q

chloroplasts capture energy from

19
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to originate from the endocytosis of a free-living prokaryote by an anaerobic ancestral eukaryote

*they have their own DNA
*double membrane
*structurally similar to prokaryote ribosomes
*replicate independently

20
Q

Rough ER

A

*major site of protein synthesis
*continuous with nuclear envelope receiving mRNA

21
Q

Smooth ER

A

*no ribosomes
*lipid synthesis

22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

takes molecules made from ER and packages them in vesicles for exocytosis

23
Q

Cytosol

A

concentrated aqueous gel of large/small molecules
*more of water-based gel than liquid

24
Q

why is comparing genome sequences important

A

reveals life’s common heritage

25
Q

what is a way to study humans ethically?

A

tissue cultures

26
Q

what is the purpose of model organism

A

easier to cultivate in a lab and experiment on

27
Q

Actin

A

large numbers inside muscle cells, where they serve as a central part of the machinery responsible for muscle contraction.

28
Q

Microtubules

A

thickest part of cytoskeleton, hollow tubes that pull apart chromosomes

29
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

structural support and anchoring organelles

30
Q

how big are plant and animal cells?`

A

5-20 um (micrometre) in diameter