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Biology Year 10 > Study- Term 3 > Flashcards

Study- Term 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment within a living organism despite internal or external changes to their environment

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

A detectable change in either the internal or external environment that acts as a signal for cells

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3
Q

Receptors

A

A specialised cell or group of specialised cells (sense organ) that receive stimuli

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4
Q

Regulator

A

A coordinating centre which the receptor sends a chemical message to that determines if a change is required

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5
Q

Effectors

A

Either a muscle (movement response) or gland (secretes molecules)

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6
Q

Response

A

The change in chemicals within a cell or within an effector organ

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7
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical

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8
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Touch, pressure, stretching, motion, sound waves

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10
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Temperature, heat

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11
Q

Nocireceptor

A

Potentially damaging stimuli or to actual damage

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12
Q

Feedback

A

The return of information

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13
Q

Negative

A

An action that opposes the input

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Instead of getting a counteracting response to some variable you instead intensify the variable

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15
Q

Negative feedback

A

When some variable triggers a counteracting response in order to come back to some set point

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16
Q

Hormonal homeostatic pathways

A
  • involve the endocrine system
  • can be slow
  • chemical message,travelling in bloodstream
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17
Q

Neural homeostatic pathways

A

Involve nervous system
Very rapid
Electric impulse, travelling along nerves

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18
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that regulate the activity of cells and organs

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19
Q

Endocrine

A

Travel long distances through the body to target cells

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20
Q

Endocrine + hormones

A

Hormones produced in endocrine glands which are released directly into the blood vessels, work together to maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

How hormones work

A

Hormones affect only certain tissue cells or organs called target cells or target organs
Target cells must have protein receptors present on the cell membrane to allow the hormone to attach
Hormones must bind to the target cell to influence the cell

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22
Q

Nervous system

A

Comprised of nerves (neurone)
Two parts:
-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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23
Q

Nervous system

A
  1. Receptor detects a change (stimulus)
  2. Receptor to the CNS by a sensory neurone
  3. CNS to an organ that carries out a response a motoneuron carries this message
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24
Q

Motor neurone

A

Carry message from the brain to allow us to move our muscles

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25
Q

Inter neuron

A

Connect neurons to other neurons

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26
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Receive information from sense organs. Send sensory information to our brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism independent of the temperature of the environment

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28
Q

Endotherms

A

Most of their heat is generated internally through metabolic activity and they are not so reliant on environmental conditions

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29
Q

Ectotherms

A

Gets their body heat mainly from their environment and can tolerate a reasonably wide range of body temperatures

30
Q

Thermoregulatory mechanisms:

Physiological mechanisms-

A 
Evaporate heat loss
Vasodilation 
Vasoconstriction 
Countercurrent 
Thermogenesis
31
Q

Evaporate heat loss

A

Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation

32
Q

Vasodilation

A

Dilation of blood vessels in the skin

33
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Constriction if blood vessels in skin

34
Q

Countercurrent

A

Blood vessels in which heat flows warmer to cooler blood

35
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Production of heat within tissues to raise body temp

36
Q

Structural features-

Brown adipose tissue=

A

Specialised for rapid heat production, transfers food from energy to heat

37
Q

Structural features:

Increase no. of mitochondria per cells=

A

Enables organisms to generate heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolise fats and sugars

38
Q

Structural features:

Insulation-

A

Traps warm air to insulate organism

39
Q

Behavioural responses:

Kleptothermy=

A

Sharing another organisms body heat

40
Q

Behavioural responses:

Torpor=

A

Physiological state in which the metabolic rate is lowered to save energy

41
Q

Behavioural responses:

Hibernation-

A

State of animal dormancy taking place in the winter

42
Q

Behavioural responses:

Aestivation=

A

State of animal dormancy taking place in the summer

43
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms:

Thyroid hormones-

A

Increase available energy in the body, as well as by increasing appetite pulse, the amount of oxygen delivered to different body parts and fat building up

44
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms:

Insulin-

A

Promotes an increase in heat production and or vasoconstriction

45
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The maintenance of a constant solute and water balance

46
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste

47
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Maintain internal environment that is isotonic (the same) to external environments

48
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Actively control the levels of internal salt concentrations so that overall solute concentration is constant

49
Q

Terrestrial animals

A

Must take in water to replace that which is continually lost in the process of eliminating waste and by evaporation from the lungs and body surface

50
Q

Hormonal control of water balance in mammals

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is most important for controlling reabsorption of water—> released by pituitary glands

51
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Store water and other substances in cells

- Important for plants as they help maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall when water levels are low

52
Q

Waxy cuiticle

A
  • waterproof layer covering leaf surface (epidermis)

- prevent water losses

53
Q

Stomata

A
  • found on leaf surface (epidermis)
  • surrounded by guard cells —>control opening and closing stomata
  • close when water levels in plant are low—> reduces water loss
54
Q

Guard cells

A
  • Cell walls are thicker next to stomata pore than next to surrounding cells -when they are full of water—>thin walls stretch more than thick ones —>two cells curve away from each other->opens stomata
  • when they lose water —> turgor pressure decreases —> cell walls become straighter—> stomata close
55
Q

Diseases and it’s causes

A

Disease is a physiological abnormality or significant disruption in the health of an individual. It is caused by a variety of factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, poor nutrients and by pathogens

56
Q

Infectious

A

They are caused by another organism or organic agent and can be passed from one individual to another either directly or indirectly. Are caused by pathogens which are biological agents that caused diseases or illnesses to a host

57
Q

Non-infectious

A

They cannot be spread from one side of individual to another

58
Q

Cellular vs non-cellular

A

Cellular=can reduce

non-cellular=cannot reproduce alone requires host

59
Q

Virulence

A

Virulence of a pathogen refers to its ability to cause disease in a host

60
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Pathogenesis refers to the mechanisms which have a lead to its current state

61
Q

Virulence factors

A

Are molecules or strategies that can contribute to the survival of pathogen. they are typically proteins and include adherence factors, invasion factors, capsules, toxins, lifestyle changes

62
Q

Adherence factors

A

Before a pathogen can cause a disease it must first enter the host for this to occur the pathogen must adhere to a molecule on the membrane of the host cell a starting point for the micro organism to penetrate tissues and colonise the host

63
Q

Invasion factors

A

Are proteins that allow pathogens to enter cells. Produce proteins that either disrupt host cell membranes or stimulate Endocytosis into the host cells so the pathogens can get inside

64
Q

Capsules

A

Bacterial capsule is a very large structure of many bacteria it is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the outer membrane of the cell. It allows movement into the host cell easier

65
Q

Toxins

A

Proteins that poison host cells and cause tissue damage.

66
Q

Endotoxins

A

Bound to the pathogen and can induce inflammatory responses when the host tries to destroy it

67
Q

Exotoxins

A

Are produced and secreted by pathogen once inside the host

68
Q

Mode of transmission

A

Direct contact or indirect contact

69
Q

Innate immune system

A

Non-specific defence mechanism that comes into play immediately or within hours of an antigens appearance in the body

70
Q

Innate immune system includes

A

Physical barriers to prevent entry of pathogen and chemicals in blood, immune system cells that attack pathogens

71
Q

First line of defence

A

Physical and chemical barriers prevent entry of pathogens

Biology Year 10 (4 decks)

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