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Biology Year 10 > Study- Term 1 > Flashcards

Study- Term 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, DNA arranged plasmid, no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Multi cellular,plants, fungi, animals, protests, can have special functions, has a true nucleus and has a membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Both Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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4
Q

Cell requirements for survival

A

Energy sources (light or chemical)
Matter (gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen)
Removal of wastes
Simple nutrients (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)

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5
Q

Light (photosynthesis)

A

Energy comes from the sun in the form of light

Photosynthesis uses light energy to synthesise organic nutrients (chemical energy)

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6
Q

Chemical (chemosynthesis)

A

Energy is released from a chemical reaction

Exclusively used by prokaryotes-organisms found in extreme environments. E.g., deep sea

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7
Q

Matter

A
  • Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis in order to create energy
  • oxygen is needed for cellular respiration in order to create energy
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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Important energy sources

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9
Q

Monosaccharides 

A

Carbohydrate monomers (monomer= a molecule that can be bonded to are the identical molecules to form a polymer)

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10
Q

Disaccharides 

A

Formed from two monosaccharides

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides joined together

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12
Q

Removal of waste

A

Cells need to remove the waste products so that they do not reach toxic levels within the cell interfering with chemical reactions or damaging the cell

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13
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Eukaryotes were formed when a bacterial cell was ingested by a larger bacterial cell to become the organelles inside

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14
Q

Organelles

A

A small cellular structure that perform specific functions for the cell as a whole

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15
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The main structure of the cell membrane consisting of two layers of phospholipids arranged so that the hydrophilic heads face the internal and external fluid environments

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16
Q

Protein Channel

A

A channel passing through the centre of a protein (integral proteins or between adjacent protein molecules) the lining in which is hydrophilic it allows water soluble substances to pass through the cell membrane and into or out of the cell

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17
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A protein that has branching Carbohydrate chains on their free surfaces the carbohydrate chains act as important recognition sites

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18
Q

Cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is found between the phospholipid molecules in the bilayer it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions it regulates the fluidity of the membrane so that it is neither too rigid nor to fluid for the functioning of the cell

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19
Q

The cell membrane

A

A selectively permeable barrier-controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

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20
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Small substances diffuse through easily large substances cannot move through

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21
Q

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic is water loving head hydrophobic is water hating tail

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22
Q

Passive transport

A
  • Does not require energy
  • Diffusion is simple and facilitated -osmosis
  • Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low)
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23
Q

Active transport

A

-Requires energy in the form of ATP
-Endocytosis
-Phagocytosis
-Exocytosis
-Goes against the concentration gradient( low to high)

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24
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved in another substance E.g.salt 

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25
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid that dissolves a substance E.g., water

Solute + solvent=solution

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26
Q

Simple diffusion

A
  • Free unaided movement of small hydrophobic molecules or ions
  • from an area of high solute to low solute concentration
  • as a concentration of molecules become equal either side of membrane, cell reaches dynamic equilibrium
  • Number of molecules entering = Number of molecules leaving
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27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Larger or hydrophilic molecules are carried from a high solute to a low solute concentration across the cell membrane by transport (integral) proteins (channel proteins and carrier proteins)
  • no energy is required
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28
Q

Active transport

A
  • Transport of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient by use of energy usually ATP
  • molecules go from low to high solute concentration
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29
Q

ATP

A
  • Molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells
  • Energy is needed because the substance must be moved against its natural tendency to go from high to low solute concentration 
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30
Q

Endocytosis

A

-Active transport of materials into cells
-two main types:
—>Phagocytosis: cell eating- The membrane fuses around the particle and forms a vessel of food vacuole that becomes incorporated into the cytoplasm
—> pinocytosis: cell drinking

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31
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Active transport of materials out of the cells

- Materials are pushed against the cell membrane and then opens up to external environment to expel the contents

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32
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
  • from low to high solute concentration
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33
Q

Osmotic potential

A

The ability of a solution to lose water molecules across a semipermeable membrane

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34
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • More solute molecules outside the cell which causes the water to be drawn out of the cell
  • ‘ Plazmolysed’ the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution
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35
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • Less solute molecules outside the cell water will move into the cell
  • cell will swell and become turgid
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36
Q

Isotonic solution

A

The concentration of solute is equal on both sides

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37
Q

Factors that affect movement of material across cell membranes

A 
Temperature 
particle size 
concentration 
osmotic potential 
SA:V ratio
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38
Q

Temperature affect on movement

A

Molecules move faster at high temperatures diffusion occurs faster at high temps

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39
Q

Particle size affect on movement

A

Small molecules require less energy to move smaller particles will diffuse faster than larger particles

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40
Q

Concentration effect on movement

A

The greater the difference in concentration between the two locations the faster diffusion will occur

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41
Q

Osmotic potential effect on movement

A

If the osmotic potential is low there will be a net flow of water into the cell by osmosis if it is high there will be a net flow of water out of the cell by osmosis in an isotonic solution the same amount of water leaves the cell as it enters

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42
Q

SA:V ratio

A

Smaller cells with higher SA:V ratio diffuse quicker more efficiently than larger cells with smaller SA:V ratio

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43
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions occurring in cells are known as metabolism

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44
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthetic reactions (build up of molecules)

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45
Q

Catabolism

A 
Breakdown reactions (large molecules into small molecules)
Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism
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46
Q

Factors affecting metabolism

A
  • Molecules only react when they collide
  • By increasing frequency of collision will increase the speed of reaction
    1. Concentration of substance
    2. Temperature
    3. Increasing surface area of the reaction site
    4. Presence of a catalyst
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47
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are globular proteins that lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place they speed up the actual rate of the reaction without being used up or consumed and therefore can be reused

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48
Q

Enzymes are

A
  • Specific so they assist in one specific part of reaction
  • required in small quantities as they can be reused
  • do not alter the end products nature it only speeds up the reaction
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49
Q

Substrate

A

The substance the enzyme works on

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50
Q

Products

A

The substance produced at the end of the reaction

51
Q

Induced fit hypothesis

A

The substrate does not always fit precisely into the active site of the enzyme

  • both the enzyme and substrate are modified so that a better fit between the two is induced
  • this process distorts the substrate and can lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction
52
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

53
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity

A

If conditions are too high the enzymes denature

if conditions are too low the enzymes don’t activate

54
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose+ oxygen

55
Q

Synthesise

A

The building up of complex molecules from simpler substances requires energy and enzymes

56
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Allows energy in the sunlight to drive chemical reactions (green pigment)

57
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Acts as energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. Can be found in chlorophyll

58
Q

Energy transducers

A

Allows light energy into chemical energy

59
Q

Starch

A

Is a glucose produced that is stored in the plant cell

60
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process in which light energy, trapped by chlorophyll is used to convert carbon dioxide abs water into glucose and oxygen cells

61
Q

To photosynthesise a leaf needs

A
  • A method for gas exchange
  • A way to deliver water
  • To remove glucose to other parts of plant
  • efficient means of absorbing light energy
62
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Reduce water loss

63
Q

Upper epidermis

A

One Cell thick and transparent to allow light energy

64
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A
  • Contain chloroplasts

- Cells densely packaged to maximise light absorption

65
Q

Vein

A
  • Xylem delivers water

- phloem—> food

66
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Loosely package cells covered in water and air spaces around them aid diffusion of gases

67
Q

Leaf blade

A

large surface area and thin

68
Q

Leaf stalk

A

Holds leave in the best position to receive the light

69
Q

Stomato

A

Allows entry of carbon dioxide and exit of oxygen

70
Q

Specialised cells

A

Cells that have specific function

Most specialised cells will form the building blocks of complex tissues and organs.

71
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contains haemoglobin for oxygen transport

72
Q

White blood cells

A

Contains powerful enzymes to digest bacteria

73
Q

Cell lining bronchioles

A

Has cilia to trap and remove mucus and dust particles

74
Q

Motor nerve cell

A

Elongated, and transmits information the central nervous system to a muscle

75
Q

Palisade cell

A

Contains many chloroplasts

76
Q

Root hair cell

A

Has long extension to increase surface area for absorption of minerals and water

77
Q

Phloem sieve tube

A

Transports sugars through the body of a plant

78
Q

Sperm cell

A

Carries male parent’s genetic information ready for fertilisation

79
Q

Egg cell

A

Carries female parent’s genetic information, and has food stores in cytoplasm

80
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialised cells, called stem cells, become specialised cells.

81
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can reproduce themselves indefinitely.
They have the ability to differentiate into many different and specialised cell types.
This occurs when a damaged cell needs to be replaced or repaired with an equally specialised cell

82
Q

Totipotent

A

Embro, Can differentiate into all cells, easy isolate and grow, unlimited self renewal, high risk of tissue rejection, ethical issues, teratoma formation

83
Q

Pluripotent

A

Blastocyst, umbilical cord, Differentiate into cells derived from 3 germ layers, Easy to isolate and grow, unlimited self renewal, High risk of tissue rejection, ethical issues, teratoma formation

84
Q

Multipotent

A

Organs with specialised tissues, Differentiate into special lineage of cells, Less likelihood of tissue rejection, less ethical issues, Hard to isolate, limited differentiation

85
Q

General Stem Cell Function

A

Unspecialised cells that can reproduce themselves indefinitely. They have the ability to differentiate into many different and specialised cell types.

86
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The transfer of gases between an organism and the external environment in either direction, occurs by diffusion, includes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration and photosynthesis

87
Q

Types of gas exchange systems in animals

A

Integumentary
Gills
Tracheal
Lungs

88
Q

Integumentary

A

Occurs through the skin

E.g, earthworms and amphibians

89
Q

Gills

A

Exchange of gases in water environments e.g, fish

90
Q

Tracheal

A

A network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body. Independent of it circulatory system e.g, insects

91
Q

Lungs

A

Exchange of gases within the body. Gas is circulated by the cardiovascular system e.g, humans, birds-different air sac structure

92
Q

Things animals have in common to maximise gas exchange

A

Large SA
good blood supply
Concentration gradient

93
Q

Structural features of gas exchange

A 
Thin 
Large SA
Moist 
Concentration gradient 
Blood supply
94
Q

Thin

A

Short diffusion distance allows diffusion to occur at a faster rate
Large SA:V ratio

95
Q

Large surface area (SA:V)

A

Many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area

96
Q

Moist

A

Gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface

97
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The air in the lungs has a higher concentration of oxygen then that of the oxygen depleted blood and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide

98
Q

Blood supply

A

Ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs

99
Q

Circulatory system

A

The thin porous walls of the capillary allows substance to pass in and out of circulatory system
High SA:V Ratio
Exchange between blood plasma and extra cellular fluid occurs via diffusion and filtration across capillary walls

100
Q

Circulatory system

A 
Humans have a closed circulatory system. The blood is enclosed within a system of blood vessels and the heart
This system includes:
-A multi chambered heart
-Blood vessels 
-Blood
101
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through the heart twice via two sequential pathways:

  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
102
Q

Blood vessels

A

Responsible for transporting blood throughout the circulatory system

103
Q

Veins

A

Epithelial layer of cells, an elastic layer, muscle walls and connective tissue, thinner than arteries, blood transport to the heart, deoxygenated, has valves

104
Q

Capillaries

A

Single layer of epithelial cells, very thin, connect arteries to veins, deliver nutrients and other substances to extra cellular fluids, and receive waste, site of exchange of materials e.g, gases connects arteries to veins, no valves

105
Q

Arteries

A

Same structure as veins but thicker muscular walls, blood transports away from the heart, oxygenated, no valves

106
Q

Valves

A

Make blood go in one direction

107
Q

Exchange of materials

A

The structure of capillaries enables the exchange of material between the circulatory system and extra cellular fluid (body fluid outside the cells)

108
Q

Exchange materials include

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients and ions
Filtration occurs because of two opposing forces: hydrostatic (blood pressure), osmotic pressure
This pressure form these two forces pushes fluid into and out of the capillaries

109
Q

How is exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide possible

A

The coordination between the circulatory and respiratory system

110
Q

Gas exchange

A

Occurs in the capillaries

Occur at the alveoli or in the body tissue

111
Q

Structure of alveoli

A

Very thin walls, cup shaped, surrounded by networks of blood vessels called the capillaries

112
Q

Respiratory system step 1 to step 5

A
  • Oxygen enters the respiratory system and moves into the alveoli
  • The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than that of the surrounding capillaries
  • Due to this concentration difference oxygen is able to diffuse into the capillary and carbon dioxide is able to diffuse into the alveoli as the blood moves past
  • Carbon dioxide is exhaled
  • A similar process occurs during gas exchange in the the body tissues
113
Q

Digestive system

A

Converting food into the simplest form in order for them to be absorbed and carried to our body cells
Our diet consists of three types of molecules:
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
The process of digestion can occur mechanically or chemically

114
Q

4 components of digestive system

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • pancreas,gallbladder,liver
  • enzymes,nerves,blood,hormones
  • mesentery
115
Q

Function/structure of villi

A

Creates huge SA to maximise absorption

116
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The process of breaking apart complex molecules into simple molecules

117
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Enzymes are essential to digestion as they increase the rate of breakdown of food molecules

118
Q

The effect of pH on enzyme activity

A

Digestive enzymes are sensitive to change in PH and will function optimally at a certain pH level
different types of enzymes will function optimally at different pH ranges

119
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

120
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of digested substance from the digestive tract into the circulatory and lymphatic systems for delivery to cells

121
Q

Structure of the ileum

A

The ileum is very long, this provides food with enough time for absorption to occur
-covered in small finger like projections called villi which greatly increase the surface area of the absorption site

122
Q

Xylem

A

Water and minerals
No end walls between cells
one way only
Outer cells are not living

123
Q

Phloem

A

Organic molecules and
End walls (sieve plates)
Two way movement
cells are living but needs support

124
Q

Xylem and phloem both

A

Transport things in plants

Biology Year 10 (4 decks)

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