STUDY STUDY STUDY Flashcards
Floral arrangements designed with visual paths along which the eye is led from one point of interest to another are called __________.
line arrangements
A snapdragon is also known as a _________.
Antirrhinum majus
Tissue-cultured plantlets require special attention during the acclimation process from the laboratory to the greenhouse in order to avoid __________ and ensure crop __________.
losses, uniformity
Consumers encounter Alstroemeria frequently in the retail marketplace, as it is one of the World’s top _____ cut flowers.
10
A physiological disorder of geraniums caused by high moisture levels in the root media is __________.
oedema
Orchids are distinguished from other flowers by a structure called the sepal.
false
The single most important aspect of perennial gardening is ____________________.
timing the bloom
There are two different purposes for using artificial lighting. First, lamps can be used to provide additional light to increase photosynthesis and plant growth. This is termed __________ lighting. Second, lamps can be used to alter the photoperiod perceived by the plants. This is termed __________ lighting.
Supplemental, photoperiodic
Dianthus caryophyllus is the genus and species for which flower?
Carnation
If the pH of the growing medium is too low, the quickest remedy is the injection of acids into the irrigation system.
false
There is an abbreviation for the mathematical differences between the day temperature and the night temperatures. Identify that abbreviation.
DIF
For vertical color, whether it is in the garden, a cut flower bouquet or an arrangement, you can’t beat Antirrhinum majus.
true
Alstroemeria hybrids are also known as ____________________.
Princess lily
Many growers apply a shading compound or shade cloth from late spring to early fall to reduce heat stress that results from high light levels entering the greenhouse.
true
The conductive tissue in the stem that transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves is called the __________.
xylem
The term texture as it applies to plants includes such adjectives as __________, __________, and __________.
fine, medium, bold
Shape is two dimensional, while form is ____________________.
Three dimensional
When the source of __________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from __________ dominance and allowing them to develop.
Auxin, hormone, apical
The most commonly used growth retardant is __________.
Cycocel
Many crops today are offered as tissue-cultured plantlets, stage 2 or 3. This form of vegetative propagation offers many advantages to growers, primarily in that plants grown from tissue are __________ and __________.
Disease free, quick growing
Zantedeschia rehmannii, Z. elliotoana, Z. hybrids also known as __________.
calla lily
Place cut Antirrhinum majus stems vertically as soon as possible after harvest; stems placed horizontally may begin to bend upward in as little as __________.
30 minutes
Evaporative __________ __________ help to offset the heat load caused by __________ light, thus effective greenhouse cooling allows the grower to provide __________ light levels before heat stress is problematic.
cooling pads, high, higher
__________ __________, identified by yellowing or interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, is the primary problem for plants growing in a __________ pH medium.
Iron deficiency, high
Limited induction photoperiod is a __________ technique for controlling elongation of long-day herbaceous perennials.
Non-chemical
Confucius taught that real enjoyment consists of __________ and __________.
Simplicity, contemplation
The principal of total compatibility of all parts of an arrangement with each other is termed __________.
rhythm
The most popular orchid potting material is __________.
fir bark
The arrangement of flowers referred to as a “Full Couch Spray” is used for _________________________.
top of closed casket
Day length is shortest on __________ and increases until __________; thereafter, it decreases.
December 21, June 21
These summer-blooming perennials produce dense, bristy balls of blue color:
Global thistle
All but one of the following is easily suitable for pressing. Which one is not suitable?
daffodil
There are certain soil requirements for building a terrarium. Too much soil looks heavy, while too little soil will not hold the root system. In general, what is the correct amount of soil in relation to the height of the container?
25%
Alstroemeria produce two types of shoots __________ and __________.
flowering, vegitative
An orchid having a horizontal stem from which numerous shoots arise is called _______________.
Sympodial
Snapdragons should be stored and shipped __________ at all times to prevent __________ of the spikes. Snapdragons can be stored for _____ to _____ days, dry or in water, at 40 F (4 C).
Upright, curvature, 3,4
Most Callas sold today from the United States are __________ year old true seed hybrids.
two
Treated seed virtually __________ viral, fungal, and bacterial disease at the time of planting, greatly __________ disease in professional grower products.
Eliminates, reducing
Seed-grown tubers generally produce __________ eyes, which means plants will have a __________ number of flowers and leaf sprouts.
more, higher
Natural photoperiods vary during the year and by __________.
latitude
By understanding the critical photoperiod for lower induction, growers can manipulate photoperiods to make plants either __________ or __________.
vegetative, reproductive
Powdery mildew is a water mold in the same calss of fungi as Pythium and Phytophthora, which produces its characteristic symptoms on lear undersides.
false
Botrytis blight is also known as __________.
tulip fire
There are two main types of symptoms observed with Botrytis blight, __________ or __________ leaf spots.
nonaggressive, aggressive
The colonial bouquet is a __________ bouquet that is popular for both __________ and __________.
round, bridges, bridesmaids
The crescent bouquet is one variation of the cascade bouquet that is designed in a _____ shape. The cascade style is a beautiful design for elegant of formal weddings.
C
Sympathy flowers are important to __________ the deceased and __________ the living.
Honor, comfort
A grouping of different types of plants potted in the same container is known as a __________ __________.
Dish garden
The foundation for a casket spray is a __________ __________.
Casket saddle
A __________ __________ is an organized business tool to state the business’ purpose and goals and estimate the financing needed to fund the new florist.
Business plan
Floriculture production in the United States is valued at about $__________ at farm gate.
4.7 billion
The leading floriculture production states are __________, __________, and __________.
California, Florida, Texas
Florida floriculture crop production is valued at $__________.
765 million
True or False. Watering greenhouse plants is one of the easiest jobs faced by growers.
False
When should plants be watered?
Just before wilting or water stress occurs
Perched water table means that the container has __________ at the bottom of the container right after watering, when drainage has occurred.
Free-water
This is __________ because it is not held by the root medium.
Free-water
_____ factors need to be considered to achieve a successful fertility program.
Five
When certain elements are provided in excess to plants, uptake of other nutrients may be hindered. One example of a mineral antagonism is the ____________________ interaction; a 1:1 ratio is recommended for most floriculture crops.
Nitrogen-potassium
The optimum pH range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is __________.
5.8-6.4
American floriculture crops are considered to be __________ quality if they are well branched and __________, with multiple flowers that open __________.
High, full, simultaneously
True or false. Pinching artificially accelerates a plant’s branching and growers commonly use three types of pinched plants.
true
The process of pinching a plant removes the __________ factory and eliminates the __________ concentration of the __________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant.
Auxin, hormone, inhibitory
When the source of __________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from __________ dominance and allowing them to develop.
Auxin, hormone, apical
A time tested rule is to pinch when roots are ____________________ and __________ of the __________ after removing the plant from its pot.
Visible at the sides, bottom, medium
_______________ growers first began growing their rose plants using bent stems in the 1980’s.
Japanese
Rose plants used for the bent stem technique are started as __________ node cuttings, which are rooted and grown frequently in _____ _____ _____.
Single, rock wool cubes
Cut roses are divided into hybrid teas, spray roses, and __________.
sweetheart
There are less than __________ dozen rose breeders specializing in commercial cut flower varieties.
2
Roses generally are graded according to __________ of stem
length
The greenhouse comes “alive” only after its __________, or __________, is applied. A glazing’s primary purpose is to allow __________ into the greenhouse while allowing the grower to manipulate the environment __________ the greenhouse.
Glazing, cover, light, inside
There is/are _____ type(s) of growing floors.
5: natural soil, sand and gravel floors, ground cloth, porous concrete, concrete
The __________ component of watering is the easy part because the scientific principals can be taught and learned. The __________ of watering is extremely difficult to teach. It is determining when plants need to be watered and then applying water properly.
Science, art
While it costs __________ to produce pinched plants in terms of __________ and __________, the __________ quality is achieved with pinched plants in terms of size, fullness and flower performance.
More, labor, time, highest
True or false. Flower arranging differs from other arts in that it has its own media (arrangers grow their own materials).
True
The Japanese confine their displays of flower arrangements to specific areas as a matter of __________ and __________.
Ritual, custom
The Chinese method of handling flowers is founded on __________, preservation of life, and appreciation of __________.
Symbolism, beauty
Confucius taught that real enjoyment consists of __________ and __________.
Simplicity, contemplation
True or false. A few flowers in a vase can describe the whole life history of a plant, as well as display the beauty of a perfect bloom.
True
A creative art form using space along with line, form, color, and texture to create the floral arrangements by using plant material and other components.
Abstract design
Two or three colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel.
Analogous color harmony
Two sides of a vertical axis in an arrangement that are different in composition but equal in visual weight.
Asymmetrical balance
A circle of greens decorated with fruits, nuts, cones, seed pods, or berries typical of the Renaissance period.
Della Robbia Wreath
The art of placing floral material in a container in a pleasing manner following various artistic principles.
Flower arranging
Bringing plants into bloom at a time other than normal in nature
Forcing
A circle of small flowers arranged around one central flower similar to a nosegay.
Tussy Mussy
A new concept in creative art form free from conventional ideas and patterns, nongeometric.
Free-form design
An all around arrangement to be viewed from all sides.
Free standing
Tints, tones, and shades of one hue.
Monochromatic color harmony
A tight hand bouquet of fragrant flowers.
Nosegay
A container of unusual form or shape such as a heart, animal, etc…
Novelty
Probably the most influential factor in advancing flower arrangement in this country has been the ____________________.
National Council of State Garden Clubs
The American Style of flower arrangement stresses clear cut designs, __________, __________, and __________ of expression.
Plant forms, originality, freedom
In any style of flower arranging, past or present, American, European, or Oriental, there are __________ to be considered: ______________________________.
6 design elements; line, form, space, texture, color, and harmony
There are __________ of design. All the __________ of design should be present in every good arrangement, but their relative importance will vary. They are ______________________________.
7 principles; principles; balance, scale, rhythm, repetition, unity, focus, and harmony
True or false. Various colors will produce different emotional and psychological effects.
True
Violets and purples give a __________ sometimes __________.
Spiritual feeling, sad
Tints of various hues will normally be __________, while tones tend to give a __________ effect.
Uplifting, soothing
__________ can either be warm or cool; it takes on the feelings of the colors with which it is associated.
White
The Easter Lily crop is difficult to grow because……….
Easter falls on a different date each year
Plants convert chemical energy into light energy which results in plant growth.
False
Wavelengths are measured in __________ with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific __________.
Nanometer, color
Photoperiodism is a phytochrome-mediated response.
True
Modern __________ cultivars come in an astonishing variety of colors, color combinations and petal styles (spoon, quill, and flat).
Chrysanthemum (daisy)
Dahlias are native to the mountains of __________.
Mexico
Growth is best for Helianthus annus L. between _______________ and __________ sun is always preferred.
65 to 75 F, full
__________ is an example of a species that is commercially cultivated.
Exacum affine
When spores germinate, they form a small __________ leaf like structure known as the prothallus
Green
_________ is any method of breaking through hard, water-impermeable seed coats to allow water to penetrate.
Scarification
Disadvantages to pregermination are limited shelf life of _______________, limited selection, and limited cost.
4 to 5 weeks
Floral supply companies focus their inventories on hard goods and tools but primarily on fresh flowers and foliage.
False
__________ were historically the first people to use flowers for decorative purposes.
Egyptians
The strewing of flowers and loose petals at banquets and festivals was typical of the _______________ period.
Greek and Roman
The _______________ period is considered the beginning of flower arranging as it is known today.
Italian Renaissance
The point at which the plant is receiving as much light energy as it can use is the _______________ point.
Light saturation
The Euphorbia pulcherrima a __________ day plant, is induced to flower by providing __________ nights and __________ days.
Short, long, short
The floral industry is an international, multitrillion dollar industry.
False
The floral design of the __________ influence emphasizes careful and significant placement of every flower, branch, or leaf.
Japanese
Consumers encounter Alstroemeria frequently in the retail marketplace, as it is one of the world’s top __________ cut flowers.
Ten
The Antirrhinum majus is also known as the __________.
Snapdragon
Alstroemeria hybrids are also knjown as the __________.
Princess Lily
Zantedeschia rehmannii, Z. elliotiana, Z. hybrids also known as __________.
Calla Lily
Iron deficiency, identified by blackening or interval chlorosis of young leaves, is the primary problem for plants growing in a low pH medium.
False
Seed-grown tubers generally produce __________ eyes, which means plants will have a __________ number of flowers and leaf sprouts
More, higher
Most Callas sold today from the United States are three year old true seed hybrids.
False
Floriculture is defined literally as “_________________________” but includes florist shops, flower retailers, wholesale florists, production greenhouses and floral supply companies.
Culture of flowers
_______________ provides even faster seedling production than other hydration methods and results in 100% usable seedlings
Pregermination
The _______________ point is the light intensity at which the plant is receiving as much light energy from the light during photosynthesis as it is during respiration.
Light compensation
Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths, __________ and __________ wavelengths result in the greatest plant growth response.
Red (700), blue (470)
The Italian Renaissance was significant during the _______________ centuries.
15th and 16th
The placement of three main flowers or branches signifies __________, __________, and __________.
Heaven, man, earth
Place cut Antirrhinum majus stems vertically as soon as possible after harvest; stems placed horizontally may begin to bend upward in as little as __________.
30 minutes
When the source of __________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from __________ dominance and allowing them to develop.
Auxin, hormone, apical
_______________ is similar to seed hydration except the process is allowed to progress further until the seed coat splits and the radical becomes visible.
Pregermination
_____________ is a technique used by seed suppliers to imbibe the seed and begin germination, but then stop the process before the radical (root) emerges.
Seed hydration
Stratification is the application of a moist chilling treatment of 32 to 50 F (0 to 10 C) to seeds.
True
The __________ fuzzy fungal growth of Botrytis blight often begins with injured or necrotic areas and then infects healthy tissue.
Gray
Measuring light requires the use of _____ factor(s).
3
Light has _____ function(s) in plant growth.
Two
Helianthus annus L. is the most commonly grown __________ species.
Sunflowers
Dianthus caryophyllus is a native of the _______________ area, originally flowering only in the early spring.
Mediterranean
Dahlias flower morphology is complex and flower size varies from larger than __________ to less than __________ in diameter.
8.25 in., 4 in.
Plants grown under light high in _____ wavelengths will be short, dark green, and well branched.
Red
Sunflowers require low nutritional levels.
False
Treated seed virtually __________ viral, fungal, and bacterial disease at the time of planting, greatly __________ disease in professional grower products.
Eliminates, reducing
There are two different purposes for using artificial lighting. First, lamps can be used to provide additional light to increase photosynthesis and plant growth. This is termed __________ lighting. Second, lamps can be used to alter the photoperiod perceived by the plants. This is termed __________ lighting.
Supplemental, photoperiodic
Many growers apply a shading compound or shade cloth from _______________ to _______________ to reduce heat stress that results from high light levels entering the greenhouse.
Late spring, early fall
Alstroemeria produce two types of shoots: __________ and __________.
Flowering, vegetative
Botrytis blight is also known as __________.
Tulip fire
Sympathy flowers are important to __________ the deceased and __________ the living.
Honor, comfort
All foliage plants must be __________ prior to installing in an interior area.
Acclimated
Three types of designs found in American flower arranging are line-mass, mastoid and lunar.
False
The most influential and important person in all the ancient arts of China was __________.
Hsieh Ho
Confucius taught that real enjoyment consists of __________ and __________.
Simplicity, contemplation
Good mineral or garden soils have about _____ percent of pore space.
50
True bulbs are classified as tunicate or non-tunicate.
True
Bird-of-Paradise is a common name, what is the Genus-Species?
Strelizia reginae
The Easter Lily crop is difficult to grow because……….?
Easter falls on a different date each year
The Retail Florist business has been in existence for over _____ years.
100
The width of an arrangement is less than __________ the height, except in a horizontal (centerpiece) design.
Twice
Odd numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than _____ flowers of one kind are used.
10
__________ is a term used to describe the practices that get bulbs to grow and produce flowers.
Forcing
Green plants do not have the ability to produce their own food.
False
A tunicate bulb has a dry, papery covering called a __________.
Tunic
Humans breathe _____ and release _____. Plants use _____ and release _____.
O2, CO2, CO2, O2
Foliage plants are __________ and __________ plants, either woody or herbaceous(non-woody), that are successfully grown indoors.
Tropical, subtropical
__________ is the art and science of selecting, placing and maintaining plants to improve and enhance the appearance of the indoor environment
Interiorscaping
__________ is the unit of illumination that equals the light of one candle at a distance of one foot.
Foot-candle
Double potting is the act of placing a pot next to an identical pot with the same plant and displaying the two pots together.
False
The interpretation of Chinese flower arrangements deal with three important principles: the art of contemplation as practiced by Confucius, the principle of the preservation of life as taught by Buddhism, and the floral symbolism which has developed as a form of folklore.
true
The Oriental country best known for its floral art is __________.
Japan
__________ is a greenhouse designed for the display of plants.
Conservatory
The importance of the growing medium rests with four basic functions, they are as follows; holds water for plant use, provides nutrients for the plant, permits the exchange of gases of gases to and from the plant roots, and provides __________ for the plant
Support
__________ capacity is the measure of a medium’s capacity to hold nutrients.
Cation exchange
Organic media used in greenhouses have between _____ and _____ percent pore space.
75 and 85
Lilies are _________ bulbs.
Non-tunicate
Easter is the first Sunday following a full moon after March 21; therefore, growers must schedule their crops for the Easter Lily different each year.
True
The Genus-species, Erica sp has a common name of __________.
Heather
An arrangement should be _____ to _____ times the height of a tall container or the length of an elongated container.
1 1/2 to 2
To acclimate a plant, the grower moves the plant from the lower light (not full sun) growing area to progressively __________ levels before shipping to an interiorscaper.
Lower light
_____ deals with the relative size among objects or parts of objects.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
B. (Could be Visual Balance, Proportion, or Scale. I think it’s Scale)
____ the ratio used by the Greek’s and the Japanese tradition used to attain a pleasing proportion between the plant and the container.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
D. (Could be Asymmetrical Balance, Visual Weight, or Golden Mean. I think it’s Golden Mean)
____ is the physical or visual stability of a floral design.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
C. (Could be Balance, Physical Balance, or Symmetrical Balance. I think it’s Balance)
_____ occurs when both sides of the design have or seem to have the same physical weight.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
C. (Could be Balance, Physical Balance, or Symmetrical Balance. I think it’s Symmetrical Balance)
_____ occurs when the plant material and the manner of placement are different on each side of the central vertical axis; however, the arrangement must appear to be in balance.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
D. (Could be Asymmetrical Balance, Visual Weight, or Golden Mean. I think it’s Asymmetrical Balance)
_____ is the pleasing relationship in size and shape among objects or parts of objects.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
B. (Could be Visual Balance, Proportion, or Scale. I think it’s Proportion)
_____ is the actual stability of plant materials within the container.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
C. (Could be Balance, Physical Balance, or Symmetrical Balance. I think it’s Physical Balance)
___ refers to the perception of an arrangement being in balance or being equal in weight on both sides of the central axis.
*Confusing part with multiple answers for each letter.
B. (Could be Visual Balance, Proportion, or Scale. I think it’s Visual Balance)
Daylily _____
A. 1 day
Chrysanthemums _____
A. 14-21 days
Tulips, Daffodils _____
B. 3-5 days
Carnations _____
D. 10-14 days
Snapdragons _____
C. 5-7 days
Dutch Iris _____
B. 3-5 days
Roses _____
C. 5-7 days
__________ is best achieved when the design is arranged from back of the container towards the front. This gives the arrangement a feeling of __________ and __________.
Balance, visual depth, support
The hook method of wiring for floral arrangements is used for ____________________.
Flat headed flowers
What is the purpose of “pinching” plants?
Pinching helps the plants to become more bushy
equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H20 light/chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O —> 12 H2O + 6 CO2 + Energy
