Study Questions Part 2 Flashcards
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
the vertebral artery
Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord?
no
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
no
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
posterior medullary feeder arteries
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
what vessels drain the spinal cord?
pial veins
What will pial veins drain into?
venous vasa corona
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
what veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
intervertebral veins
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinals)
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
interstitial fluid
Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?
subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
hofmann/ anterior dural/ meningovertebral ligaments
what is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
serous fluid
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?
cerebrospinal fluid
what is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?
dentate (denticulate) ligament
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?
they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
in the horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?
transverse
what are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar enlargement
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5 S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
typically S4, S5 and Co1
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullar is typically be observed?
L1
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
cauda equina
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullar is called?
filum terminale internum
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
typically S2, the dural cul de sac
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the film terminale?
proximal part of the film terminale internum
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the film terminale internum?
it joins peripheral nerve roots of the spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
What does the neural tissue associated with the film terminale externum appear to innervate?
lower limbs and the external anal spincter
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
cruciate anastomosis
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
filum terminale externum
what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
coccygeal medullary vestige
What is the name given to the condition i which the conus medullar is is located below L1 and the film terminale is thickened?
tethered cord syndrome
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to migrate damage to the spinal cord
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
ant bear, three-toes sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
two-toed sloth, manatee
what is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
seven segments
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
C3-C6
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
C1, C2, C7
What is the shape of the typical cervical body from the cranial view?
rectangular
what is the appearance of the typical cervical body from the lateral view?
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
what would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
posterior or kyphotic
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
the intervertebral disc height
what is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
anterior or lordotic
at which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
what are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior groove, posterior groove, and right and left uncinate processes
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncut or lateral lip
at what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
lateral groove or enchancrure
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip- posterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical ?
ten
What is the name given to the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
What does the literature suggest as the nature of the joint of lushka?
the joint is representative of intervertebral disc aging, which results in lamellar integrity near the joint
What is the functional significance of the joint of lushka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion- extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
What muscles attach to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees
at what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
to the side and in the center of the vertebral body
the greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ?
C6
the greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
what muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
what muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
what muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
what is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
what is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from horizontal plane)
what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
what will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
the carotid artery
what will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
