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Spinal Anatomy > Study Questions Part 2 > Flashcards

Study Questions Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?

A

9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries

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2
Q

What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

A

anterior spinal artery

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3
Q

The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

the vertebral artery

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4
Q

Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

no

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5
Q

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

anterior medullary feeder arteries

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6
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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7
Q

What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

A

it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

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8
Q

is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

no

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9
Q

As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

posterior medullary feeder arteries

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10
Q

What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?

A

right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries

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11
Q

what vessels drain the spinal cord?

A

pial veins

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12
Q

What will pial veins drain into?

A

venous vasa corona

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13
Q

Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?

A

right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins

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14
Q

Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?

A

anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins

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15
Q

What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?

A

posterior radicular veins

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16
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein

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17
Q

what veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

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18
Q

What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?

A

intervertebral veins

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19
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinals)

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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20
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?

A

interstitial fluid

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21
Q

Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?

A

subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

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22
Q

which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
hofmann/ anterior dural/ meningovertebral ligaments

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23
Q

what is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?

A

serous fluid

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24
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

what is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

A

dentate (denticulate) ligament

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26
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

A

they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

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27
Q

in the horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?

A

transverse

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28
Q

what are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

A

C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar enlargement

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29
Q

Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?

A

C6

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30
Q

What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement?

A

L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5 S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra

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31
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

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32
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?

A

typically S4, S5 and Co1

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33
Q

In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullar is typically be observed?

A

L1

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34
Q

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

A

cauda equina

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35
Q

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullar is called?

A

filum terminale internum

36
Q

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

A

typically S2, the dural cul de sac

37
Q

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the film terminale?

A

proximal part of the film terminale internum

38
Q

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the film terminale internum?

A

it joins peripheral nerve roots of the spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4

39
Q

What does the neural tissue associated with the film terminale externum appear to innervate?

A

lower limbs and the external anal spincter

40
Q

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

A

cruciate anastomosis

41
Q

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

A

filum terminale externum

42
Q

what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

A

coccygeal medullary vestige

43
Q

What is the name given to the condition i which the conus medullar is is located below L1 and the film terminale is thickened?

A

tethered cord syndrome

44
Q

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

A

it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to migrate damage to the spinal cord

45
Q

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple

46
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

ant bear, three-toes sloth

47
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

two-toed sloth, manatee

48
Q

what is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?

A

seven segments

49
Q

Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?

A

C3-C6

50
Q

Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?

A

C1, C2, C7

51
Q

What is the shape of the typical cervical body from the cranial view?

A

rectangular

52
Q

what is the appearance of the typical cervical body from the lateral view?

A

posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters

53
Q

what would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?

A

posterior or kyphotic

54
Q

What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?

A

the intervertebral disc height

55
Q

what is the direction of the typical cervical curve?

A

anterior or lordotic

56
Q

at which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?

A

C5/C6

57
Q

What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?

A

it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body

58
Q

what are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior groove, posterior groove, and right and left uncinate processes

59
Q

What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?

A

uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncut or lateral lip

60
Q

at what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?

A

3rd-4th fetal month

61
Q

what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves

62
Q

What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?

A

lateral groove or enchancrure

63
Q

What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

64
Q

What is the joint classification for the posterior lip- posterior groove articulation?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

65
Q

What is the joint classification for the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?

A

modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

66
Q

What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

67
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?

A

five

68
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical ?

A

ten

69
Q

What is the name given to the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?

A

joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint

70
Q

What does the literature suggest as the nature of the joint of lushka?

A

the joint is representative of intervertebral disc aging, which results in lamellar integrity near the joint

71
Q

What is the functional significance of the joint of lushka?

A

it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion- extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine

72
Q

What muscles attach to the typical cervical vertebral body?

A

the longus colli muscle

73
Q

What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?

A

posterolateral, 45 degrees

74
Q

at what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?

A

to the side and in the center of the vertebral body

75
Q

the greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ?

A

C6

76
Q

the greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?

A

C5/C6

77
Q

List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

78
Q

what muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii

79
Q

what muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii

80
Q

what muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar

A

middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii

81
Q

what is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?

A

sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

82
Q

what is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?

A

60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from horizontal plane)

83
Q

what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

A

the carotid tubercle

84
Q

what will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?

A

the carotid artery

85
Q

what will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?

A

the vertebral, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

Spinal Anatomy (2 decks)

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