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Microbio Test 1 (ch1-3,5) Review > study questions for test 1 > Flashcards

study questions for test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

explain the spontaneous and biogenesis hypotheses

A

spontaneous generation: belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

biogenesis hypotheses: living things arise only from others of their same kind

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2
Q

know all the scientists and their contributions

A

Robert Hooke: discovered the first “non-living” cells

Antony van Leeuwenhoek: discovered the first “living” cells

Edward Jenner: developed vaccine for smallpox, established role of microorganisms in disease

Rudolf Virchow: developed Cell Theory: said cells arise from preexisting cells

Ignaz Semmelweis: described importance of handwashing; prevents disease in the hospital setting

Louis Pasteur: pasteurization; swan-necked flasks; vaccines; disproves spontaneous generation; conducted the 1st studies linking human disease to infection

Joseph Lister: used aseptic techniques in surgery

Robert Koch: Germ Theory of Disease

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3
Q

what are koch’s postulates

give ex of when these 4 postulates do NOT apply

A

Koch’s postulates are a series of logical steps that establish whether or not an organism is pathogenic and which disease it causes aka Germ Theory of Disease

  1. microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms
  2. Microorganisms must be isolated from a disease organism and grown in pure culture
  3. cultured microorganisms should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. Microorganisms must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the og specific causative agent

ex. if no animal model for the organism, cannot ethically do this (cannot infect people)

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4
Q

list types of microscopy and an ex of what each is used for

A

Brightfield: stained bacteria

Darkfield: live bacteria that moves like corkscrews

Phase Contrast: intracellular structures of endospores, granules, organelles, cilia

TEM: detailed intracellular structure of cells and viruses

SEM: detailed extracellular structure of cells and viruses

Fluorescence: diagnosis infections and pinpoints particular cellular structures

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5
Q

ex of all stains in ch 2 and ex of what each is used for

A

positive stain: dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

negative stain: does not stick to the specimen but settles some distance from its outer boundary

simple stains: one dye; reveal shape, size, arrangement; ex: crystal violet stain of e coli

differential stains: primary dye and counterstain; distinguish cell types or parts; ex: gram stain

special stain: used to emphasize cell parts that are not revealed by conventional staining methods; ex: flagellar stain of proteus vulgaris

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6
Q

name the 3 domains and the general classification levels from domain to species

A

3 domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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7
Q

ex of how microbes interact with us in our everyday lives

A

production of bread, alcohol, cheese etc.

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8
Q

characteristics of eukaryotic vs bacteria cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: animals, plants, fungi, protozoa; contain organelles that are encased by membranes and perform specific functions

Bacteria cells: no nucleus or other organelles; complex fine structure; can engage in same activities as eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

macromolecules and their functions

A

carbohydrates: body’s primary source of energy

lipids: moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones

proteins: help repair and build body’s tissues; allow metabolic reactions to take place and coordinated bodily functions

nucleic acids: carry genetic info

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10
Q

complex vs chemically defined

selective vs differential vs general purpose media

A

complex defined: one or more compounds is not chemically defined; contains extracts of animals, plants, yeasts

chemically defined: contain pure organic and inorganic compounds that vary little from one source to another

general purpose media: grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible

selective media: contains 1 or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe(s); important in isolation of a specific type of organism

differential media: allow multiple types of organisms to grow but display visible differences in how they grow; variation in colony size or color; media color changes; gas bubbles

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11
Q

premise and purpose of streak for isolation technique

A

the purpose is to get a colony

an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells on a nutrient surface

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12
Q

resolution

total magnification

A

resolution: capacity of an optical system to distinguish 2 adjacent objects or points from one another

total magnification: power of objective x power of ocular

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13
Q

bacteria arrangement

A

cocci: diplococci pairs; streptococci chains; staphylococci irregular clusters

bacilli: diplobacilli pair of cells with ends attached; streptobacilli chain

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14
Q

bacteria morphology (shapes)

A

coccus: spherical, ball shaped

bacillus: rod shaped

vibrio: comma shaped

spirillum: spiral shaped body

spirochete: spiral cells with periplasmic flagella

filaments: branches

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15
Q

parts of flagella
purpose of each part

arrangement of flagella

A

filament: tail-like projection

hook: connects filament to the basal body

basal body: the motor

monotrichous: single flagellum

lophotrichous: small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site

amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell

peritrichous: flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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16
Q

structures and purpose:

fimbriae

pilus

s layer

glycocalyx (slime layer and capsule)

cell wall

A

fimbriae: small bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells; allow tight adhesion between fimbriae and and epithelial cells, allowing bacteria to colonize and infect host tissues

pilus: used in conjugation between bacterial cells; gram - bacteria; type IV pilus can transfer genetic material act like fimbriae and assist in attachment and act like flagella and make bacterium motile

s layer: single layer of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like tiny chain like fences; only produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment

glycocalyx: coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units

slime layer: loose protects agaisnt loss of water and nutrients

capsule: more tightly bound denser and thicker; produce a sticky (mucoid) character to colonies on agar

cell wall: helps determine the shape; provides strong structural support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of osmotic pressure; gains relative rigidity from peptidoglycan

17
Q

describe cell wall of gram - and gram + and the molecules they contain

A

gram + cell wall: thick sheet of peptidoglycan; contains teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid: function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement, contribute to the acidic charge on cell surface

gram - cell wall: thin sheet of peptidoglycan; thinness gives gram - cells more susceptibilty to lysis; contains lipopolysaccharide and porin proteins

lipopolysaccharide is made up of O polysaccharide (used to differentiate strains of the same species), Core polysaccharide (stabilizes molecule), & Lipid A ( sensitive aspect, toxic to humans, endotoxin)

porin proteins: special membrane channels that only the outer membrane allows certain chemical to penetrate

18
Q

basic function of peptidoglycan and how its structured

A

provides a strong but flexible support framwork

repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments
NAG and NAM

19
Q

describe

acid fast bacteria

mycoplasma

A

acid fast bacteria: contain mycolic acid: found in cell walls, makes bacteria highly resistant to certain chemicals and dyes ex. mycobacterium

mycoplasmas: naturally lack a cell wall; sterold in the cell membrane stabilize the cell against lysis ex. mycoplasma pneumoniae

20
Q

describe prokaryotic plasma membrane and its purpose

A

contains:

peripheral proteins: loosely associated with the membrane, easily removed; play a role in enzymatic reactions

integral proteins: embedded within the membrane, not easily removed; structural components for transport/secretion and respiration

hopanoids: embedded within the membrane; steroid-like chains that provide a flexible but rigid framework for the membrane

purpose: selectively permeable barrier that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell

21
Q

describe
cytoplasm

chromosomes

plasmids

ribosomes

specified inclusion bodies

endospore

A

Cytoplasm: 70-80% of water; complex mix of sugars amino acids and salts

Chromosomes: hereditary material exists in here

Plasmids: nonessential piece of DNA; confer protective traits such as drug resistance and toxin and enzyme production

Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

Specified inclusion bodies: storage “unit”; stores energy, food, gas, etc.

Endospores: made when bacteria is trying to survive; can resist extreme temp and environments

22
Q

basic components of a virus

A

genome: DNA or RNA

capsid: protein coat

nucleocapsid: capsid and genome

capsomeres: capsid is made of individual proteins

23
Q

basic morphologies of viral capsids

A

icosahedral capsid symmetry: contain spikes

helical capsid symmetry: circle

24
Q

what is a viral species

A

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic info and ecological niche (host)

25
Q

general features of viral taxonomy

A

-viridae: family names end in

-virus: genus names end in

26
Q

hosts available for cultivation of viruses

A

embryonated eggs
cell tissue culture

27
Q

steps features of lytic cycles

A
  1. Attachment:
    phage attaches by tail fiber (spike proteins) to host
    bacterium’s cell wall receptors
  2. Penetration:
    phage lysozyme on tail pins opens cell wall; tail
    sheath contracts to force phage DNA into cell
  3. Biosynthesis:
    production of phage DNA and phage proteins
    1st: early mRNA/proteins are synthesized:
    degrade host cell’s chromosomes
    2nd: phage DNA is replicated by phage’s DNA
    polymerase: makes hundreds of viral dsDNA
    copies per cell
    3rd: late mRNA/proteins are synthesized:
  4. Maturation:
    assembly of phage particles
  5. Release:
    phage’s lysozyme breaks cell wall, lysis of cell
28
Q

steps featured of lysogenic cycle

A
  1. Attachment: virus attaches to receptors on the host cell membrane
  2. Penetration: occurs by 1) membrane fusion 2) endocytosis 3) combination of both; followed by uncoating of the viral genome from its capsid
  3. biosynthesis: protein synthesis and genome replication
  4. Maturation: nucleic acids are packed into capsids
  5. release: via budding or host cell autolysis
29
Q

how do animal viruses and their life cycles differ from the bacteriophage lytic and lysogenic cycles

A

animal: cell wall does not break

bacteria: injects genetic info and breaks cell wall

30
Q

what is the difference in replication of + strand RNA viruses and - strand RNA viruses?

A

+ ssRNA —> proteins –> cell

-ssRNA —> mRNA (+ssRNA) –> proteins –> cell

-ssRNA —> +ssRNA —> -ssRNA —> cell

31
Q

prion?

viroid?

do they cause disease?

A

prion: abnormal form of protein
causes neurodegenerative disease
ex. mad cow disease
viroid: infectious agent of plant cells

32
Q

how do prions cause disease?

A

the abnormal proteins turns regular proteins abnormal as well.
abnormal proteins enter cell and continues to replicate resulting in cell death

33
Q

what are the major types of viral infection?

know an example of all 3

A

acute: short term lasts a few days immune system learns and prevens more infections ex. flu

latent: long term lasts months to years host remains asymptomatic (no virus particles made) for a ling perios then suddeny becomes activated ex cold sores and shingles

persistent: long term lasts months to years slow production of virions over time ex HIV

34
Q

subtypes of influenza

which affect humans

A

subtype A: most clinical can infect birds, humans, mammals caused epidemic and pandemic

subtype B: normally found only in humans epidemics no pandemics

subtype C: normally only found in humans not known to cause epidemics

35
Q

know the role of HA and NA in influenza pathogenesis

A

HA:
attaches to receptors on animal respiratory epithelial cells (endocytosis)
into host cell

NA:
critical for budding of new virions from cell
out of host cell

36
Q

how do antigenic shift and antigenic drifts influence infectivity of influenza

A

antigenic drift: virus changes slow and small regular change

antigenic shift: major and rapid changes, makes brand new flu strains b/c of segmented genome

37
Q

what are features of HIV pathogenesis

A

poorly understood
course of disease varied

38
Q

what are the steps and general features of HIV viral infection and life cycle?

A

depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes
1. acute HIV syndrome initially
2. clinically latent
3. chronic symptomatic stage
becomes activated and begins to replicate new
virions
4. clinical AIDS stage

Microbio Test 1 (ch1-3,5) Review (3 decks)

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