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Psychology105 T2 > Study Notes > Flashcards

Study Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Clear protective layer on front of eye

A

Cornea

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2
Q

Coloured part of the eye, opens and closes to let in more or less light

A

Iris

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3
Q

Opening created by iris through which light passes

A

Pupil

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4
Q

Changes shape to focus on objects at different distances

A

Lens

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5
Q

Inner layer on back of eye that contains “light-sensitive” rods and cones

A

Retina

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6
Q

Bundle of axons running from retina to visual (occipital cortex)

A

Optic nerve

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7
Q

Spot on the retina where optic nerve exits eye, there are no receptors there

A

Blind Spot

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8
Q

Centre of the retina where “activity” (ability to see fine detail) is greatest

A

Fovea

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9
Q

Rods (5)

A
  • Concentrated in periphery
  • Allows us to see in dim light
  • Cannot see fine spatial detail
  • Cannot see different colours
  • The axons of many rods synapse onto one ganglion cell
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10
Q

Cones (5)

A
  • Concentrated in centre of eye (fovea)
  • Allows us to see bright light
  • Allows us to see fine spatial detail
  • Allows us to see different colours
  • In the fovea, one cone often synapses onto only a single ganglion cell
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11
Q

Shortest wavelength humans can perceive is?

A

Violet

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12
Q

Longest wavelength humans can perceive is?

A

Red

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13
Q

Mixing of pigments is called

A

Subtractive colour mixing (absorb some wavelengths, e.g. reflect red = appears red)

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14
Q

Mixing of lights is called

A

Additive colour mixing

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15
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Perception of colour is determined by the ratio of activity between the 3 cone receptors

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16
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Colour perception is mediated by neurons that can be either excited or inhibited, depending on concentration of light

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17
Q

Dual-process theory

A

Mix of both trichromatic and opponent-process theories

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18
Q

Feature-Integration theory

A
  • Parallel search
  • No attention required = pre-attentive (e.g. easy when looking for one feature - blue circle amongst red circles)
  • No load effect
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19
Q

Conjunction Search

A
  • Serial search

- Find red circle amongst blue and red squares and blue circles

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20
Q

Gesalts Principles

A
  • “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”

- Figure-ground relationship

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21
Q

Bottom-up processing

A
  • Stimulus driven
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22
Q

Top-down processing

A
  • Knowledge driven

- Context effects

23
Q

“Where and How” pathway

A
  • Occipital and parietal lobes
  • Vision of action
    • Patient RV: Optic ataxia: An inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements, without impairment of muscles or senses
24
Q

“What” pathway

A
  • Temporal lobe
  • Visual for perception
    • Patient DF : Visual FORM agnosia = Can’t make out shapes, can’t copy but can draw object from memory
25
Q

Depth perception

A
  • Created by light and shape
26
Q

Memory model order

A

Sensory input –> [Sensory Memory]–> Attention–> [Working (short-term) memory]Encoding/Retrieval–>[Long-term memory]

Maintenance rehearsal = circles working/short term memory

27
Q

Sensory Memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

A 
F: Take in info until is can be processed 
C: Large amounts of info
D: Brief
T.o.C: Raw copy
F: Results of decay
28
Q

Working (short-term) memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

A 
F: Conscious thought, where perceiving, comparing, feeling and reasoning take place
C: Quite small
D: Stays while processed (rehearsed)
T.o.C: Acoustic-articulatory code
F: Mostly interference but also decay
29
Q

Long-term memory (Function, capacity, duration, type of code, forgetting)

A 
F: Store info relatively permanently
C: Limitless
D: Relatively permanent
T.o.C: Semantic (or by learning)
F: Not forgotten, just lose access
30
Q

Attention

A

If we attend information in sensory store it moves to working memory

31
Q

Rehearsal

A

Maintenance vs elaborate rehearsal

32
Q

Encoding

A

Controls movement of into from working memory to long-term memory

33
Q

Retrieval

A

Access info from long-term memory and place in working memory

34
Q

Iconic memory

A

Existence of brief visual sensory memory

35
Q

Types of memory

A
    • Explicit memory (Declarative, conscious)
  • ——- Episodic (ones own experience) & Semantic (general knowledge)
    • Implicit memory (non declarative, unconscious)
  • ——- Classical conditioning effects (conditioned emotional reactions) & Procedural (Motor skills, habits) & Priming (Implicit activation of concepts in LTM)
36
Q

Spreading activation model

A

Activation of any one concept initiates a read of activity to nearby concepts - priming those concepts so they become temporarily more retrievable than before

37
Q

H.M

A
  • Unable to form any new semantic or episodic memories

- Parts of temporal lobes, amygdala and hippocampus from both sides were removed

38
Q

Sources of variability in Behaviour Repertoire

A
  1. Biological/physiological factors
  2. Developmental processes
  3. Experience
39
Q

2 types of behaviour

A

Respondent & operant

40
Q

Respondent behaviour (4)

A
  • Involuntary
  • Reflexes
  • Seems to be pulled out of you by events in environment
  • Is the result
41
Q

Operant Behaviour (4)

A
  • May seem voluntary rather than automatic
  • Behaviours you emit
  • Produces a result
  • Operates on the world
42
Q

3 ways we learn new behaviours

A
  1. Observation
  2. Trial and Error
  3. Shaping

These are called Acquisition processes

43
Q

Thorndikes Law of effect

A

Weakeners/Annoyers/Punishers —– Strengtheners/satisfiers/Reinforcers

44
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Something is added or intensified

Strengthens approach and engagement behaviour

45
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Something is removed, reduced or made inaccessible

Strengthens and maintains escape and avoidance behaviours (e.g umbrella = escape rain)

46
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Have their strengthening property already

47
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Acquire their strengthening property by their association with primary reinforcers

48
Q

Extinction

A

When response no longer produces reinforcers
Withhold reinforcers
Reverse the effect of initial conditioning

49
Q

Punishment

A

May be positive of negative
+ve = pain inflicted
-ve = time out
Effect must be to suppress behaviour otherwise not a punisher

50
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
This response requires no learning, it simply happens automatically

51
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

52
Q

Conditioned response

A

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.

53
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Adjustment of the eye to low light intensities, involving reflex dilation of the pupil and activation of the rod cells

54
Q

Light Adaptation

A

Contraction of the pupil, adaptation to increase illumination

Psychology105 T2 (5 decks)

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