Memory and Consciousness

Question 1

According to the information-processing model of the mind, the correct sequence through which new information from the environment is stored into more permanent memory is:
Select one:
a. working memory, sensory memory, and long-term memory.
b. sensory memory, long-term memory, and working memory.
c. working memory, long-term memory, and sensory memory.
d. sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.

Answer 1

d. sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.

Question 2

The information-processing model of the mind suggests a set of “control processes,” which are:
Select one:
a. patterns of neural activity that underlie cognitive processes.
b. factors in the environment that determine information processing.
c. processes that govern information processing and movement within stores.
d. ways of thinking that organize and manage lower-level thought and memory.

Answer 2

c. processes that govern information processing and movement within stores.

Question 3

Sensory memory can hold information for a very \_\_\_\_\_ period of time, and contains \_\_\_\_\_ of the sensory input that enters the sensory system.
Select one:
a. short; little
b. long; some
c. short; all
d. long; all

Answer 3

c. short; all

Question 4

Which statement is TRUE of sensory memory?
Select one:
a. It is of low capacity and short duration.
b. It is of high capacity and long duration.
c. It is of high capacity and short duration.
d. It is of low capacity and long duration.

Answer 4

c. It is of high capacity and short duration.

Question 5

Working memory, also known as \_\_\_\_\_ memory, is where all conscious perception and reasoning occurs.
Select one:
a. explicit
b. sensory
c. long-term
d. short-term

Answer 5

d. short-term

Question 6

New information in working memory \_\_\_\_\_ pass on to \_\_\_\_\_.
Select one:
a. may or may not; short-term memory
b. must; sensory memory
c. may or may not; long-term memory
d. must; long-term memory

Answer 6

c. may or may not; long-term memory

Question 7

Long-term memory has a \_\_\_\_\_ capacity and a \_\_\_\_\_ duration.
Select one:
a. high; long
b. high; short
c. low; long
d. low; short

Answer 7

a. high; long

Question 8

The process that controls the flow of information from sensory memory into working memory is:
Select one:
a. encoding.
b. attention.
c. retrieval.
d. rehearsal.

Answer 8

b. attention.

Question 9

In the information-processing model of memory, attention, encoding, and retrieval are known as \_\_\_\_\_ processes.
Select one:
a. procedural
b. declarative
c. episodic
d. control

Answer 9

d. control

Question 10

All the information picked up by the senses enters briefly into sensory memory and is analyzed at an unconscious level to determine its relevance to the ongoing task and its potential significance for the person's survival or well-being. This unconscious analysis is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_ processing.
Select one:
a. maintenance
b. bottom-up
c. implicit
d. preattentive

Answer 10

d. preattentive

Question 11

Models of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information-processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from \_\_\_\_\_ memory into \_\_\_\_\_ memory.
Select one:
a. short-term; sensory
b. sensory; short-term
c. short-term; long-term
d. long-term; sensory

Answer 11

b. sensory; short-term

Question 12

While waiting to enter a classroom, students talk in pairs and attend to their conversation partner while screening out the voices of the other pairs. This is an example of:
Select one:
a. shadowing.
b. the cocktail-party phenomenon.
c. parallel processing.
d. echo.

Answer 12

b. the cocktail-party phenomenon.

Question 13

Serena is a participant in a selective listening experiment where she is asked to immediately repeat the words coming into her left ear and ignore the words coming into her right ear. When thinking about what she heard in her right ear, Serena will BEST identify the:
Select one:
a. meaning of the message.
b. words used.
c. gender of the speaker.
d. language the speaker used.

Answer 13

c. gender of the speaker.

Question 14

Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will:
Select one:
a. not notice anything about the unattended message.
b. notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message.
c. report physical characteristics of the unattended message and can extract partial meaning.
d. report the unattended message as accurately as the shadowed message.

Answer 14

b. notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message.

Question 15

Auditory sensory memory is also called \_\_\_\_\_ memory.
Select one:
a. iconic
b. phonological
c. echoic
d. explicit

Answer 15

c. echoic

Question 16

Which statement explains the Stroop interference effect?
Select one:
a. People cannot prevent themselves from making the automatic response of reading the printed color word, which interferes with the intended task of naming ink color.
b. People are able to identify ink colors much faster than they can perform the more complex task of reading a color word.
c. People efficiently screen out information that has to do with the meaning of a stimulus, but do not screen out physical characteristics.
d. People are unable to divide their attention successfully between such different tasks as reading and recognizing colors.

Answer 16

a. People cannot prevent themselves from making the automatic response of reading the printed color word, which interferes with the intended task of naming ink color.

Question 17

Which type of memory allows for telling someone, step by step, how to perform a task?
Select one:
a. echoic memory
b. explicit memory
c. iconic memory
d. implicit memory

Answer 17

b. explicit memory

Question 18

Semantic memory and episodic memory are both subclasses of \_\_\_\_\_ memory.
Select one:
a. short-term
b. iconic
c. implicit
d. explicit

Answer 18

d. explicit

Question 19

Knowing that automobile emissions contribute to air pollution is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ memory, which is a subclass of \_\_\_\_\_ memory.
Select one:
a. semantic; implicit
b. semantic; explicit
c. episodic; implicit
d. episodic; explicit

Answer 19

b. semantic; explicit

Question 20

According to network models of long-term memory organization, such as that of Collins and Loftus, long-term memory is BEST thought of as a(n):
Select one:
a. enormous web of concepts that are linked together by associations.
b. huge filing cabinet with color-coded files.
c. spliced and edited videotape.
d. telephone switchboard.

Answer 20

a. enormous web of concepts that are linked together by associations.

Question 21

Which statement is TRUE of priming?
Select one:
a. Elaborative encoding of the priming stimulus is necessary for priming to occur.
b. It requires that the priming stimulus be a novel (unfamiliar) stimulus.
c. It can occur without conscious awareness of the priming stimulus.
d. It is based on explicit memory.

Answer 21

c. It can occur without conscious awareness of the priming stimulus.

Question 22

Which statement BEST describes the memory deficit of H. M.? H. M. was unable to:
Select one:
a. bring new information from sensory memory into working memory.
b. hold information in working memory for more than about 5 seconds.
c. encode information into long-term memory.
d. retrieve information from long-term memory.

Answer 22

c. encode information into long-term memory.

Question 23

An amnesic patient was told, “Sierra's father was a fireman.” When later asked what Sierra's father did for a living, the patient responded, “He was a fireman,” but when asked how he knew that, he said, “I don't know.” This patient was thereby demonstrating a deficit in \_\_\_\_\_ memory.
Select one:
a. procedural
b. semantic
c. episodic
d. sensory

Answer 23

c. episodic

Question 24

Randall consciously repeats the title of the book he needs while walking across campus to the library. Randall is utilizing \_\_\_\_\_ to increase the amount of time he is able to hold the book title in his short-term memory.
Select one:
a. chunking
b. elaboration
c. maintenance rehearsal
d. encoding rehearsal

Answer 24

c. maintenance rehearsal

Question 25

Given what researchers know about elaborative rehearsal, it makes sense that the text recommends _____ as a superior method for learning textbook material. Select one: a. highlighting the text material b. reading the text three times c. generating questions about the material read d. memorizing the key terms in the chapter

Answer 25

c. generating questions about the material read

Question 26

Jada wants to get a good grade in her introductory psychology class. Which method would be LEAST helpful to her when she is studying? Select one: a. actively asking herself questions based on the material b. focusing on the main ideas of the passage c. highlighting a passage for later reading d. writing notes in the margins of the book relevant to the material she is covering

Answer 26

c. highlighting a passage for later reading

Question 27

``` What form of memory dysfunction from the text MOST accurately describes the amnesia typically characterized in soap operas in which the person can form long-term memories after the accident but has no memories of what happened before the accident? Select one: a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. Alzheimer's Disease d. Dementia ```

Answer 27

b. retrograde amnesia

Question 28

Aristotle's principle of association by contiguity would NOT help explain one's ability to recall: Select one: a. objects commonly associated with a named object. b. the characteristics of a named object. c. events that commonly follow or precede a named event. d. things that occur at different points in time.

Answer 28

d. things that occur at different points in time.

Question 29

``` People tend to recall better if tested in the same environment in which they originally learned the information. This illustrates the effect of: Select one: a. hierarchically organized memory. b. priming. c. context. d. selective viewing ```

Answer 29

c. context.

Question 30

The memory of an event is MOST like a: Select one: a. construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information. b. series of still photographs of the original event that can be shuffled into different order. c. videotape of the original event running from beginning to end without stop. d. videotape of the original event that runs and stops at critical points and then continues to run.

Answer 30

a. construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information.

Question 31

``` Cognitive psychologists refer to mental representations involving the organization of events in time, such as birthday parties and organized worship services, as: Select one: a. event schemas. b. episodic memories. c. procedural memories. d. scripts. ```

Answer 31

d. scripts.

Question 32

``` In an experiment, memory researchers convinced participants that when they were 5 they were lost in a shopping mall and were comforted by an elderly lady. This never actually happened to them. The results were that _____ percent of the participants later reported this false memory as if it were an actual memory. Select one: a. 50 b. 90 c. 75 d. 25 ```

Answer 32

d. 25