Study Memorize Flashcards
Gall
His studies explored the relationship between brain injury and mental impairment. He asserted that separate areas of the brain controlled specific functions.
Broca
found that speech function actually resided in the inferior left frontal lobe, which was later named “Broca’s Area”. He also was linked to slow, laborious, dysfluent speech which became known as “Broca’s Aphasia”
Wernicke
looked at brain injured patients with language disorders. They had fluent speech often devoid of meaning and had difficulty recognizing and comprehending words. He called this “sensory aphasia.” This type of aphasia and as well as the left temporal lobe would be responsible for the disorder and would be called “Wernicke’s Area.”
Review the influence of Samuel Orton and his work with dyslexia.
Orton was a neuropathologist who started the Dyslexia Society. He found that the skill of reading involved several areas of the brain. He surmised that students with reading disabilities lacked cerebral dominance. This mixed dominance therefore resulted in reversals of letters and words in both reading and writing. His work would perpetuate the myth of seeing things backwards; however he partnered with Anna Gillingham and they stressed the need for phonics and a multi-sensory approach for remediation.
What were the contributions of the following individuals to the field of learning disabilities;
Strauss and Werner:
o were key in adapting Goldstein’s findings to treatment of children with intellectual disabilities (then referred to as “mental retardation”.
o they destroyed the notion that mental retardation was a homogeneous state.
o important in that there is movement away from simply looking at standardized test scores and looking at the “why” of scores.
William Cruickshank: o Carried forward Werner and Strauss’s work
o was responsible for building a bridge between the research previously conducted with students with intellectual disabilities and research with children who would now be considered to have LD.
What were the highlights of the Emergent period?
o The emergence of the concept of LD as opposed to viewing all children who could not learn as retarded, however, the definition remained the same.
o The Education of the Handicapped Act was signed into law in 1975.
o 1968- U.S. Office of Education- The first Annual Report of the National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children developed the def of LD which we use today.
Briefly define the contributions of Skinner, Watson, Bandura and Thorndike to the filed of behaviorism.
(SKINNER)
o Skinner - Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. Father of operant conditioning and invented the Skinner box (box in which the rats conditioned themselves to pull the lever to feed themselves).
WATSON
o Watson – (Observable behavior) considered the founder and champion of behaviorism, believed that theories and research methods that dealt with the mind were unscientific. Watson thought that Pavlov’s conditioning model was appropriate for building a science of human behavior and he was impressed with Pavlov’s precise measurements of observable behavior.
BANDURA
o He believed that people could learn new actions by observing others preform them. He was also in charge of the Social cognitive theory, which stresses the idea that human learning occurs in a social environment by others observing others; people acquire knowledge, rules, skills, strategies, beliefs, and attitudes. Bobo doll experiment
Thorndike
o Thorndike – wanted scientific facts, not opinions. Thorndike (1898) studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box to empirically test the laws of learning. He placed a cat in the puzzle box, which was encourage to escape to reach a scrap of fish placed outside. Thorndike would put a cat into the box and time how long it took to escape. The cats experimented with different ways to escape the puzzle box and reach the fish. Edward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
FBA
• FBA is used to understand the purpose or function of a specific challenging behavior exhibited by a child. It is also a process for developing and understating of a child’s challenging behavior and how the behavior is influenced by environmental events.
What are the 8 executive functions as discussed in lecture. (SA)
1. Impulse Control
Thinking before acting – blurting out answers before being called on.
- Emotional Control
The ability to keep your feeling in check, or controlling your emotions – overacting to something very small.
- Flexible Thinking
Adjusting to changes in task requirements, rigid thinking – A child who has to think about something from a different angel or the math problems that must be completed in 60 seconds can be frustrating for a child with flexible thinking since they must switch from addition to subtraction or multiplication to division.
- Working Memory
the ability to hold new information without losing track about what you are doing – they must be able to hold, manipulate and change what they are saying – A lack of exposure to things can also influence working memory.
- Self-Monitoring
observing one’s behavior and to measure it against desired goals and outcomes – We might need to monitor time for a child by setting a timer for them.
- Planning and prioritizing
the ability to manage and current and future tasks – have difficulties in planning when something is due and spreading out the work so it can get done – We must break down the work for them and specify what must be done 1st, 2nd, etc.
- Task Initiation
Difficulty getting started – we want to help the child by relating the topic to something they are interested in.
- Organization
Keeping track of things physically and mentally – losing their train of though or losing their homework.
What are the Pros and Cons of surveys versus interviews versus performance tasks? (SA)
Pros of Survey – Get a more authentic answer
Con of Survey: Can’t insure the client understands the question
Pro of Interview: Can explain all the questions
Cons of Interview – May not get the most authentic answers from the client
As is relates to learning disabilities, what is retrieval? Why is it essential to our understanding of learning disabilities?
Retrieval is the ability to store information and fluently retrieve new or previously acquired information from long-term memory.
How is ADHD related to reading disabilities?
Research has shown that both ADHD and RD show deficits in working memory and processing speed.
What is an auditory processing disorder?
It’s a disorder that affects the way the brain processes auditory information. For example, it’s not that one can’t hear but that the brain has a hard time breaking down what is being said.
Define phonological processing?
• Phonological processing is phonemic awareness, which refers to the specific ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.
o Phonemes are the smallest units comprising spoken language, which combines to from syllables and words.
What causes deficits in phonological processing?
o There’s no conclusive evidence exists as to the process by which their skills develop, however children with phonological processing issues have difficulties in phonemic skills, which translate to decoding and encoding.
Decode & Encoding
Decode: Process of relating a word’s written representation to verbal representation
Encoding: A process that involves spelling with the word’s verbal representation is represented in written form.
