study guide wk 2 Flashcards
Know the pathological definitions
Pathology: study of the essential nature and characteristics of disease, including signs/symptoms,
complications, pathogenesis, and morphologic consequences including structural and functional alterations in cells, tissues, and organs
Disease:An impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body or one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the vital functions, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and is a response to environmental
factors
On an H&E stain, what structures turn blue, and which red?
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
Eosin stains the cytoplasm, RBC’s and collagen pink to red
• Hematoxylin stains nuclei and bacteria (and some other structures) blue to purple
If proteins in the cytoplasm turn red, how can those normal proteins be differentiated from the protein amyloid, which is found in many diseases?
Amyloid - pink to red. Amyloid under polarized light after Congo red staining - apple green
What types of diseases or conditions might amyloidosis be found in? (the last slide of week II)
amyloidosis:Idiopathic disease characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid pathologic protein: B cell proliferations • Chronic inflammation • Chronic renal failure • Alzheimer disease • Type II diabetes • Prion disease
Know what a southern, northern, western and dot blot are used to test for.
Southern blot: detection of specific DNA sequence
Northern blot: RNA
Western blot: molecular weight of a protein
Dot blot:biomolecules,identification
Cellular injury can cause necrosis or apoptosis, know the difference between the two.
Necrosis: cell injury that results in the premature death. inflammation. messy
Apoptosis: process of programmed cell death
What are common causes of cellular injury?
Hypoxia Infections Imunological reactions congential chemical physical
What is the difference between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor?
Marasmus: (decrease in total caloric intake)
Kwashiorkor:decrease in total protein intake
There will be questions on vitamin deficiency, and which vitamins, should they be lacking, lead to which diseases.
Vitamin A squamous
metaplasia, immune deficiency, night blindness
• Vitamin C Scurvy
• Vitamin D Rickets & Osteomalacia
• Vitamin K Bleeding Diathesis
• Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, spinal cord degeneration
• Folate Megaloblastic anemia and Neural TubeDefects (NTD)
• Niacin Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia
When does cloudy swelling occur?
Injury to cell membrane.appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis Intracellular proteins accumulate in the serum with cellular degeneration.
in liver and heart injury
Where do free radicals come from?
oxygen derived. Redox, xanthine oxidase, free iron, neutrophils, drugs, irradiation
Be able to describe the basic pathway in an injured cell that begins with mitochondrial dysfunction and leads to cellular swelling
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction–> Decrease in oxidative
phosphorylation causes a decreased in ATP and makes the mitochondria highly permeable–>Release of cytochrome c is a trigger for apoptosis–>The Na+K+ATPase pumps start to fail–> Influx of Na and H20
–>Efflux of K–>Cellular swelling
What is the most common form of necrosis, and what are the characteristics of the other forms?
Coagulative Necrosis (liver, heart, kidney–mosquito)
liquefaction necrosis:Cell destruction by hydrolytic enzymes–> autolysis (brain abscesses, pancreatic)
Caseous Necrosis: Combination of coagulation and
liquefaction necrosis. Cottage cheese–> TB
Fat necrosis (lipase, white)
Fibroid necrosis (fibrin, eosinophils,pink)
gangrenous necrosis
How do the treatments of wet and dry gangrene differ?
Dry gangrene micro appearance is Coagulative necrosis
Wet gangrene is liquefactive necrosis
What types of diseases is Caseous necrosis characteristic of?
granulomatous diseases like TB
